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Interesting article on what Apple has done to gold to use less but still call 18K
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<p>[QUOTE="desertgem, post: 2109684, member: 15199"]Thought a few might like to read this. Held off for a while due o its complexity, but I think there are a few who could slough through it <img src="styles/default/xenforo/clear.png" class="mceSmilieSprite mceSmilie1" alt=":)" unselectable="on" unselectable="on" /> Apology in advance.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Apple's patent</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://pdfaiw.uspto.gov/.aiw?PageNum=0&docid=20140361670&IDKey=A9058DEAFBAB&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fappft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPG01%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D20140361670.PGNR.%2526OS%3D%2526RS%3D" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://pdfaiw.uspto.gov/.aiw?PageNum=0&docid=20140361670&IDKey=A9058DEAFBAB&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fappft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPG01%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D20140361670.PGNR.%2526OS%3D%2526RS%3D" rel="nofollow">http://pdfaiw.uspto.gov/.aiw?PageNum=0&docid=20140361670&IDKey=A9058DEAFBAB&HomeUrl=http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1%26Sect2=HITOFF%26d=PG01%26p=1%26u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html%26r=1%26f=G%26l=50%26s1=20140361670.PGNR.%26OS=%26RS=</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Actually if one searches.</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_metal" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_metal" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_metal</a></p><p>Above early work with metal/ceramic mix to make "metal glass" starting in the 60s at CalTech using gold and silica.</p><p><br /></p><p>Apple's patent seems to indicate this is what they were hoping for. Much more scratch resistance and publicity.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>As for the idea of the "atoms closer together", one needs to know about "metallic bonding"</p><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bonding" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bonding" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bonding</a></p><p><br /></p><p>The old Bohr theory with electrons arranged around the nucleus would agree with you and others, but using the more modern quantum model, Gold, silver , copper, mercury, and a few others are viewed with the outer electrons more in a cloud outside the cationic nuclear portion, allowing changes in the distance between atoms, especially if they are like gold - silver alloy.</p><p><br /></p><p>Here is a peer reviewed paper from a site one would have to sign up for free to read, and I can't copy portions due to their program, but it indicates they have found the distance changes between gold-silver atoms ( Tolman length)</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224808001_Molecular_dynamics_determination_of_the_surface_tension_of_silver-gold_liquid_alloys_and_the_Tolman_length_of_nanoalloys" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224808001_Molecular_dynamics_determination_of_the_surface_tension_of_silver-gold_liquid_alloys_and_the_Tolman_length_of_nanoalloys" rel="nofollow">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224808001_Molecular_dynamics_determination_of_the_surface_tension_of_silver-gold_liquid_alloys_and_the_Tolman_length_of_nanoalloys </a></p><p><br /></p><p>Edited to add this article I hadn't reaad at the tome, having no interest in Apple.</p><p><a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-09-30/liquidmetal-s-apple-alliance-for-metal-yet-to-bear-fruit" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-09-30/liquidmetal-s-apple-alliance-for-metal-yet-to-bear-fruit" rel="nofollow">http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-09-30/liquidmetal-s-apple-alliance-for-metal-yet-to-bear-fruit</a>[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="desertgem, post: 2109684, member: 15199"]Thought a few might like to read this. Held off for a while due o its complexity, but I think there are a few who could slough through it :) Apology in advance. Apple's patent [URL='http://pdfaiw.uspto.gov/.aiw?PageNum=0&docid=20140361670&IDKey=A9058DEAFBAB&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fappft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPG01%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D20140361670.PGNR.%2526OS%3D%2526RS%3D']http://pdfaiw.uspto.gov/.aiw?PageNum=0&docid=20140361670&IDKey=A9058DEAFBAB&HomeUrl=http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1%26Sect2=HITOFF%26d=PG01%26p=1%26u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html%26r=1%26f=G%26l=50%26s1=20140361670.PGNR.%26OS=%26RS=[/URL] Actually if one searches. [url]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_metal[/url] Above early work with metal/ceramic mix to make "metal glass" starting in the 60s at CalTech using gold and silica. Apple's patent seems to indicate this is what they were hoping for. Much more scratch resistance and publicity. As for the idea of the "atoms closer together", one needs to know about "metallic bonding" [url]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bonding[/url] The old Bohr theory with electrons arranged around the nucleus would agree with you and others, but using the more modern quantum model, Gold, silver , copper, mercury, and a few others are viewed with the outer electrons more in a cloud outside the cationic nuclear portion, allowing changes in the distance between atoms, especially if they are like gold - silver alloy. Here is a peer reviewed paper from a site one would have to sign up for free to read, and I can't copy portions due to their program, but it indicates they have found the distance changes between gold-silver atoms ( Tolman length) [URL='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224808001_Molecular_dynamics_determination_of_the_surface_tension_of_silver-gold_liquid_alloys_and_the_Tolman_length_of_nanoalloys']https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224808001_Molecular_dynamics_determination_of_the_surface_tension_of_silver-gold_liquid_alloys_and_the_Tolman_length_of_nanoalloys [/URL] Edited to add this article I hadn't reaad at the tome, having no interest in Apple. [url]http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-09-30/liquidmetal-s-apple-alliance-for-metal-yet-to-bear-fruit[/url][/QUOTE]
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Interesting article on what Apple has done to gold to use less but still call 18K
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