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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;dougsmit, post: 8081691, member: 19463&quot;]Your write up makes it clear that you believe the difference between a usurper and a &#039;real&#039; emperor was success.&nbsp; Septimius Severus and Constantine I each named themselves Augustus but were able to have that claim ratified.&nbsp; Self proclaimed emperors who did not last long are now called Usurpers.&nbsp; Pescennius Niger had every bit as much &#039;right&#039; to the job as Septimius unless you count his losing the war.&nbsp;&nbsp; The senate ratified Septimius unanimously after all the ones who had supported Pescennius died.&nbsp; That made SS legitimate by the rules then in place.&nbsp; </p><p><br /></p><p>I have asked before but seen no answer:&nbsp; Is there any evidence that Gordian I or II ever saw a coin of theirs or if any such coin was actually made during their lifetime as opposed to being made by supporters in Rome?&nbsp; Are there any hoards that include an elder Gordian but no Balbinus or Pupienus?&nbsp; What we &#039;know&#039; includes a lot of assumptions, late or questionable sources.&nbsp; There is no such thing as a list of emperors that does not need to include a few footnotes.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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