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<p>[QUOTE="Sulla80, post: 4859877, member: 99456"]The oak wreath <i>/ corona civica </i>was the second highest honor in the Roman republic (continuing into the Imperial years), awarded to Roman citizens "ex senatus consulto" (by special decree of the Senate).</p><blockquote><p><font size="3"><br /></font></p><p><font size="3"><b>"THE ACORN OAK. THE CIVIC CROWN.</b></font></p><p><font size="3"> It is with the leaves of this class of trees that our civic crown is made, the most glorious reward that can be bestowed on military valor, and, for this long time past, the emblem of the imperial clemency; since the time, in fact, when, after the impiety of civil war, it was first deemed a meritorious action not to shed the blood of a fellow-citizen."</font></p><p><font size="3">- <b>Pliny</b>, Natural History, <a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+16.3&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+16.3&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137" rel="nofollow">16.3</a></font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><blockquote><p><font size="3">"The crown is called "civic" which one citizen gives to another who has saved his life in battle, in recognition of the preservation of his life and safety. It is made of the leaves of the esculent oak, because the earliest food and means of supporting life were furnished by that oak; it was formerly made also from the holm oak, because that is the species which is most nearly related to the esculent;"</font></p><p><font size="3">- <b>A. Cornelius Gellius</b>, attic Nights, <a href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/5*.html#6" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/5*.html#6" rel="nofollow">V.6.11</a></font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>Julius Caesar received the <i>corona civica</i> for ending the civil wars</p><blockquote><p><font size="3"><br /></font></p><p><font size="3">"Having ended the civil wars Cæsar [Julius] hastened to Rome, honored and feared as no one had ever been before. All kinds of honors were devised for his gratification without stint, even such as were superhuman -- sacrifices, games, statues in all the temples and public places, by every tribe, by all the provinces, and by the kings in alliance with Rome. His likeness was painted in various forms, in some cases crowned with oak as the savior of his country, by which crown the citizens were accustomed formerly to reward those to whom they owed their safety."</font></p><p><font size="3">-<b>Appian</b> <a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0232:book=2:chapter=16" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0232:book=2:chapter=16" rel="nofollow">Book 2 Chapter XVI</a></font></p></blockquote><p>Augustus received it in 27 B.C. for saving citizens by ending the civil war</p><p><br /></p><blockquote><p><font size="3">"Now Caesar [Octavina/Augustus] had received many privileges and honours even previously, when the question of declining the sovereignty and that of apportioning the provinces were under discussion. For the right to place the laurel trees in front of the royal residence and to hang the crown of oak above them was then voted him to symbolise that he was always victor over his enemies and the saviour of the citizens."</font></p><p><font size="3">-<b>Cassius Dio</b>, Roman History, <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/53*.html#16" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/53*.html#16" rel="nofollow">LIII.16.4</a></font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>Coins reading "ob cives servatos" = “for saving [the lives of] citizens” with an oak wreath, like <a href="https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=6938435" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=6938435" rel="nofollow">this one</a> of Claudius sold in April (not mine):</p><p><a href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/5*.html#6" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/5*.html#6" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.acsearch.info/media/images/archive/35/6701/6938435.s.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /> </a></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Seleucis and Pieria, Antioch, Diadumenianus</b> AD 218-218, AE</p><p><b>Obv:</b> KAIC M OΠ ΔI ANTΩNINO, bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust left</p><p><b>Rev:</b> Large S C within wreath, dot in circle over Δ above, E below</p><p><a href="https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=4684251" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=4684251" rel="nofollow">Example</a> (not mine):</p><p><img src="https://www.acsearch.info/media/images/archive/126/4643/4684251.s.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>Greek/Latin does bother me, it causes me to question an interpretation other than "Senatus Consulto" on these provincial coins. It would seem to me more likely that these coins copy SC of roman coins as a symbol of "valid AE currency" rather than a locally relevant meaning (I say this in complete ignorance of the case that is made for <b>S</b>yria <b>C</b>oele).</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>I find <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/298932" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/298932" rel="nofollow">this rebuttal of Kraft</a> compelling (published posthumously for Aase Bay with support of M. Crawford) - making the case for a simpler explanation for <b>S</b>enatus <b>C</b>onsulto.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="Sulla80, post: 4859877, member: 99456"]The oak wreath [I]/ corona civica [/I]was the second highest honor in the Roman republic (continuing into the Imperial years), awarded to Roman citizens "ex senatus consulto" (by special decree of the Senate). [INDENT][SIZE=3] [B]"THE ACORN OAK. THE CIVIC CROWN.[/B] It is with the leaves of this class of trees that our civic crown is made, the most glorious reward that can be bestowed on military valor, and, for this long time past, the emblem of the imperial clemency; since the time, in fact, when, after the impiety of civil war, it was first deemed a meritorious action not to shed the blood of a fellow-citizen." - [B]Pliny[/B], Natural History, [URL='http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+16.3&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137']16.3[/URL][/SIZE][/INDENT] [INDENT][SIZE=3]"The crown is called "civic" which one citizen gives to another who has saved his life in battle, in recognition of the preservation of his life and safety. It is made of the leaves of the esculent oak, because the earliest food and means of supporting life were furnished by that oak; it was formerly made also from the holm oak, because that is the species which is most nearly related to the esculent;" - [B]A. Cornelius Gellius[/B], attic Nights, [URL='http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/5*.html#6']V.6.11[/URL][/SIZE][/INDENT] Julius Caesar received the [I]corona civica[/I] for ending the civil wars [INDENT][SIZE=3] "Having ended the civil wars Cæsar [Julius] hastened to Rome, honored and feared as no one had ever been before. All kinds of honors were devised for his gratification without stint, even such as were superhuman -- sacrifices, games, statues in all the temples and public places, by every tribe, by all the provinces, and by the kings in alliance with Rome. His likeness was painted in various forms, in some cases crowned with oak as the savior of his country, by which crown the citizens were accustomed formerly to reward those to whom they owed their safety." -[B]Appian[/B] [URL='http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0232:book=2:chapter=16']Book 2 Chapter XVI[/URL][/SIZE][/INDENT] Augustus received it in 27 B.C. for saving citizens by ending the civil war [INDENT][SIZE=3]"Now Caesar [Octavina/Augustus] had received many privileges and honours even previously, when the question of declining the sovereignty and that of apportioning the provinces were under discussion. For the right to place the laurel trees in front of the royal residence and to hang the crown of oak above them was then voted him to symbolise that he was always victor over his enemies and the saviour of the citizens." -[B]Cassius Dio[/B], Roman History, [URL='https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/53*.html#16']LIII.16.4[/URL][/SIZE][/INDENT] Coins reading "ob cives servatos" = “for saving [the lives of] citizens” with an oak wreath, like [URL='https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=6938435']this one[/URL] of Claudius sold in April (not mine): [URL='http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/5*.html#6'][IMG]https://www.acsearch.info/media/images/archive/35/6701/6938435.s.jpg[/IMG] [/URL] [B]Seleucis and Pieria, Antioch, Diadumenianus[/B] AD 218-218, AE [B]Obv:[/B] KAIC M OΠ ΔI ANTΩNINO, bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust left [B]Rev:[/B] Large S C within wreath, dot in circle over Δ above, E below [URL='https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=4684251']Example[/URL] (not mine): [IMG]https://www.acsearch.info/media/images/archive/126/4643/4684251.s.jpg[/IMG] Greek/Latin does bother me, it causes me to question an interpretation other than "Senatus Consulto" on these provincial coins. It would seem to me more likely that these coins copy SC of roman coins as a symbol of "valid AE currency" rather than a locally relevant meaning (I say this in complete ignorance of the case that is made for [B]S[/B]yria [B]C[/B]oele). I find [URL='https://www.jstor.org/stable/298932']this rebuttal of Kraft[/URL] compelling (published posthumously for Aase Bay with support of M. Crawford) - making the case for a simpler explanation for [B]S[/B]enatus [B]C[/B]onsulto.[/QUOTE]
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