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<p>[QUOTE="Conder101, post: 2710326, member: 66"]At the US Mint dies created thru the use of a punch for the central device with the other features being added by individual punches began in 1793. The chain cent obverses were hand cut into the dies but by the time they got to the 1793 half cents and the wreath cent they were already using a positive relief punch for the central bust and hand finishing the hair detail. It is believed that some of the first experiments trying to use a hub (A punch that contains multiple design elements. I consider a punch that contains a single design element to be just that, a punch not a hub. About the only exception to that rule is a four digit logotype punch. Yes it has multiple elements, but I still consider the full date punch to be a punch.) took place with the reverse of a couple of the 1793 cap cents. Using a punch for the bust and central figure of the rev was well established by 1794. The next major experiment on the use of full hubs took place in 1798. The reverse dies of roughly half of the 1798 cents and all of the 1799 and 1800 large cents were made using a hub that contained ALL of the reverse design. But the hubbing presses were not powerful enough and much hand work still had to be done to the dies (adding stems to the berries, some of the leaf stems, reworking the wreath stems and sometimes repunching/strengthening the lettering etc. After those experiments they went back to just punching the central devices and then hand punching the other features.</p><p><br /></p><p>It was the steam press that provided the mint with enough power to successfully do full hubbing of the dies. The portrait lathe allowed them to create exact copies of the master hubs, so that when one wore out or broke an exact duplicate could be made. Today we use a single master hub to make master dies, then the master dies to make working hubs, and finally working hubs to make working dies. This allows us to make thousands of working dies from a single master hub. But from 1836 to 1868 we made working dies directly from the master hub and multiple master hubs might be needed in a single year.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="Conder101, post: 2710326, member: 66"]At the US Mint dies created thru the use of a punch for the central device with the other features being added by individual punches began in 1793. The chain cent obverses were hand cut into the dies but by the time they got to the 1793 half cents and the wreath cent they were already using a positive relief punch for the central bust and hand finishing the hair detail. It is believed that some of the first experiments trying to use a hub (A punch that contains multiple design elements. I consider a punch that contains a single design element to be just that, a punch not a hub. About the only exception to that rule is a four digit logotype punch. Yes it has multiple elements, but I still consider the full date punch to be a punch.) took place with the reverse of a couple of the 1793 cap cents. Using a punch for the bust and central figure of the rev was well established by 1794. The next major experiment on the use of full hubs took place in 1798. The reverse dies of roughly half of the 1798 cents and all of the 1799 and 1800 large cents were made using a hub that contained ALL of the reverse design. But the hubbing presses were not powerful enough and much hand work still had to be done to the dies (adding stems to the berries, some of the leaf stems, reworking the wreath stems and sometimes repunching/strengthening the lettering etc. After those experiments they went back to just punching the central devices and then hand punching the other features. It was the steam press that provided the mint with enough power to successfully do full hubbing of the dies. The portrait lathe allowed them to create exact copies of the master hubs, so that when one wore out or broke an exact duplicate could be made. Today we use a single master hub to make master dies, then the master dies to make working hubs, and finally working hubs to make working dies. This allows us to make thousands of working dies from a single master hub. But from 1836 to 1868 we made working dies directly from the master hub and multiple master hubs might be needed in a single year.[/QUOTE]
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