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<p>[QUOTE="jamesicus, post: 6712724, member: 14873"]The Restoration/Restitution coinage of Titus</p><p><br /></p><p>Background notes (13 March 2021):</p><ol> <li>Although both Restoration and Restitution are employed by modern day authors to describe this coinage, I employ Restoration here because that is the nomenclature used by Harold Mattingly in his seminal reference: THE "RESTORED" COINS OF OF TITUS, DOMITIAN AND NERVA - The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society Fourth Series, Vol. 20 (1920), pp. 177-207 (31 pages) and on which much of the information presented here is based.</li> <li>Upon assuming the purple, Vespasian adopted a policy of honoring illustrious members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty by issuing several commemorative coin types in their memory. Commemoration of the illustrious dead on coins originated during the later Republic and became an integral part of the legacy of deified Emperors.</li> <li>Titus perpetuated his father's policy of honoring the illustrious dead by issuing commemorative coinage in a like manner. However, he now also began issuing coins that were struck using newly made dies designed to produce coins that closely resembled original coin types of the honorees but in more contemporary style.</li> <li>In British Museum Coins of the Roman Empire (BMCRE) Vol II @ TITUS: TYPES OF ROME, Mattingly states: "The 'restored' series of Titus served a double purpose; it preserved the memory of famous coins of the early Empire which were becoming obsolete and it emphasized in the public mind the continuity between the Flavian dynasty and the Julio-Claudian Dynasty.</li> <li>Restored coin obverses were usually very close replications of the original coins, but the reverse depictions were sometimes modified slightly to accommodate the peripheral inscription that was changed to: IMP T CAES AVG RESTITVIT - which roughly equates to "The Emperor Titus is the restorer of this coin".</li> <li>RESTITVIT is often abbreviated to REST on the reverse of the restored coinage.</li> <li>The above restoration became the general model used by Titus for his coin restorations, again with some variances.</li> <li>The Emperor and the Senate, evidently acting together, selected the deceased Augusti and family members they deemed worthy of being honored by the issuance of Restored coinage - a kind of official judgment of their records. Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius, Galba - and selected family members - were included. Caligula, Nero, Otho, Vitellius - and their family members were excluded.</li> <li>Only Aes coins - As, Dupondius and Sestertius - were restored by Titus. The following members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty were so honored:</li> </ol><p> Augustus - sestertius, dupondius, as</p><p> Agrippa - as</p><p> Tiberius - sestertius, as</p><p> Drusus - as</p><p> Livia - dupondius</p><p> Nero Drusus - sestertius</p><p> Germanicus - dupondius</p><p> Agrippina I - sestertius</p><p> Claudius - sestertius, dupondius, as</p><p> Galba - sestertius, dupondius, as</p><p><br /></p><p>Additional Restoration/Restitution coinage of this period information:</p><p><br /></p><p>The Restoration coinage of Domitian follows that of Titus, but the output was much lighter and appears to be restricted to a short period at the beginning of his reign.</p><p><br /></p><p>The Restoration coinage of Nerva also follows that of Titus, but it only includes two honorees: Divus Augustus and Agrippina senior.</p><p><br /></p><p>Trajan’s Restoration/Restitution coinage was based on different criteria and he issued it in bronze, silver and gold. He also issued this coinage to honor Distinguished Republican families. Click on the following link for information relating to a CNG listing for a <a href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=301355" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=301355" rel="nofollow">Trajan Restoration/Restitution of a Julius Caesar aureus</a>: Note especially the Curtis Clay and Harold Mattingly contributions.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Examples of restoration coins issued by Titus:</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1270705[/ATTACH]</p><p>AUGUSTUS AS, TITUS RESTORATION ISSUE, 80-81 AD</p><p>(27mm, 10.71 gm)</p><p><br /></p><p>BMCRE Volume II, Rome, Titus No. 273-275</p><p>RIC Volume II, Part 1 (second edition), Titus, No. 462</p><p><br /></p><p>Obverse depiction: Augustus, radiate head facing left</p><p>Inscription: DIVVS AV _____ GVSTVS PATER</p><p>Reverse depiction: Eagle with wings spread standing on Globe</p><p>Inscription: IMP T CAES AVG RESTITVIT - S C (above, left and right)</p><p><br /></p><p> </p><p>[ATTACH=full]1270710[/ATTACH]</p><p>AUGUSTUS AS, TITUS RESTORATION ISSUE, 80-81 AD</p><p>(27mm, 10.03 gm)</p><p><br /></p><p>BMCRE Volume II, Rome, Titus No. 271 (variant)</p><p>RIC Volume II, Part 1 (second edition), Titus, No. 454</p><p><br /></p><p>Obverse depiction: Augustus, radiate head facing left</p><p>Inscription: DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER</p><p>Reverse depiction: Altar enclosure with double doors</p><p>Inscription: IMP T VESP AVG REST - S C (left and right) - PROVIDENT (in exergue)</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1270715[/ATTACH]</p><p> AGRIPPA AS, TITUS RESTORATION ISSUE, 80-81 AD</p><p>.(27mm, 10.00 gm)</p><p><br /></p><p>BMCRE Volume II, Rome, Titus No. 281 (Pl.54.9.)</p><p><br /></p><p>Obverse depiction: Agrippa, radiate head facing left wearing rostral crown</p><p>Inscription: AGRIPPA L F COS III</p><p>Reverse depiction: Neptune standing left holding small dolphin and trident</p><p>Inscription: IMP T VESP AVG REST - S C (left and right)</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1270720[/ATTACH]</p><p>TIBERIUS AS, TITUS RESTORATION ISSUE, 80-81 AD</p><p>(27mm, 11gm)</p><p><br /></p><p>BMCRE Volume II, Rome, Titus No. 284 (Pl.54.11.)</p><p><br /></p><p>Obverse depiction: Tiberius, bare head facing left</p><p>Inscription (clockwise from bottom left): TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS IMP VIII</p><p>Reverse depiction: Large S C</p><p>Inscription (clockwise from 12 o’clock): IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1270726[/ATTACH]</p><p> CLAUDIUS SESTERTIUS, TITUS RESTORATION ISSUE, 80-81 AD</p><p>(34.5mm, 23.12 gm)</p><p><br /></p><p>BMCRE Volume II, Rome, Titus No. 297 (pl. 56.1)</p><p>RIC Volume II (1962 Edition), Rome, Titus, No. 234</p><p>RIC Volume II, Part 1 (second edition), Titus, No. 472 (Sear No. 2601)</p><p><br /></p><p>Obverse depiction: Claudius, laureate head facing right</p><p>Inscription: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TRP IMP PP</p><p>Reverse depiction: Personification of Spes holding flower</p><p>in right hand and demurely raising skirt with left hand</p><p>Inscription: IMP T VESP AVG REST - S C (left and right)</p><p><br /></p><p>Links relating to this coin:</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/sear5/s2601.html#RIC_0472%5Btitus%5D" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/sear5/s2601.html#RIC_0472%5Btitus%5D" rel="nofollow">Sear Roman Coins and their Values (RCV 2000 Edition) Number 2601</a> (via Wildwinds Claudius)</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=132778" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=132778" rel="nofollow">Sale: CNG, Triton XII, Lot: 555 (5 January 2009)</a> (relating to the Titus restoration of the Claudius Spes sestertius)</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1270729[/ATTACH]</p><p>AUGUSTUS DUPONDIUS, TITUS RESTORATION ISSUE, 80-81 AD</p><p>(28 mm, 10.1 gm)</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>BMCRE Volume II, Rome, Titus No. 265 (pl. 54.1)</p><p>RIC Volume II (1962 Edition), Rome, Titus, No. 190</p><p>RIC Volume II, Part 1 (second edition), Titus, No. 445 (Sear No. 2601)</p><p><br /></p><p>Obverse depiction: Augustus head, radiate, facing right</p><p>Inscription: : DIVVS AVGVS-TVS PATER</p><p>Reverse depiction: Winged Victory alighting left, round shield in right hand inscribed SP/QR in two lines; S C left and right</p><p>Inscription: IMP T VESP AVG REST - S C (left and right)[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="jamesicus, post: 6712724, member: 14873"]The Restoration/Restitution coinage of Titus Background notes (13 March 2021): [LIST=1] [*]Although both Restoration and Restitution are employed by modern day authors to describe this coinage, I employ Restoration here because that is the nomenclature used by Harold Mattingly in his seminal reference: THE "RESTORED" COINS OF OF TITUS, DOMITIAN AND NERVA - The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society Fourth Series, Vol. 20 (1920), pp. 177-207 (31 pages) and on which much of the information presented here is based. [*]Upon assuming the purple, Vespasian adopted a policy of honoring illustrious members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty by issuing several commemorative coin types in their memory. Commemoration of the illustrious dead on coins originated during the later Republic and became an integral part of the legacy of deified Emperors. [*]Titus perpetuated his father's policy of honoring the illustrious dead by issuing commemorative coinage in a like manner. However, he now also began issuing coins that were struck using newly made dies designed to produce coins that closely resembled original coin types of the honorees but in more contemporary style. [*]In British Museum Coins of the Roman Empire (BMCRE) Vol II @ TITUS: TYPES OF ROME, Mattingly states: "The 'restored' series of Titus served a double purpose; it preserved the memory of famous coins of the early Empire which were becoming obsolete and it emphasized in the public mind the continuity between the Flavian dynasty and the Julio-Claudian Dynasty. [*]Restored coin obverses were usually very close replications of the original coins, but the reverse depictions were sometimes modified slightly to accommodate the peripheral inscription that was changed to: IMP T CAES AVG RESTITVIT - which roughly equates to "The Emperor Titus is the restorer of this coin". [*]RESTITVIT is often abbreviated to REST on the reverse of the restored coinage. [*]The above restoration became the general model used by Titus for his coin restorations, again with some variances. [*]The Emperor and the Senate, evidently acting together, selected the deceased Augusti and family members they deemed worthy of being honored by the issuance of Restored coinage - a kind of official judgment of their records. Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius, Galba - and selected family members - were included. Caligula, Nero, Otho, Vitellius - and their family members were excluded. [*]Only Aes coins - As, Dupondius and Sestertius - were restored by Titus. The following members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty were so honored: [/LIST] Augustus - sestertius, dupondius, as Agrippa - as Tiberius - sestertius, as Drusus - as Livia - dupondius Nero Drusus - sestertius Germanicus - dupondius Agrippina I - sestertius Claudius - sestertius, dupondius, as Galba - sestertius, dupondius, as Additional Restoration/Restitution coinage of this period information: The Restoration coinage of Domitian follows that of Titus, but the output was much lighter and appears to be restricted to a short period at the beginning of his reign. The Restoration coinage of Nerva also follows that of Titus, but it only includes two honorees: Divus Augustus and Agrippina senior. Trajan’s Restoration/Restitution coinage was based on different criteria and he issued it in bronze, silver and gold. He also issued this coinage to honor Distinguished Republican families. Click on the following link for information relating to a CNG listing for a [URL='https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=301355']Trajan Restoration/Restitution of a Julius Caesar aureus[/URL]: Note especially the Curtis Clay and Harold Mattingly contributions. Examples of restoration coins issued by Titus: [ATTACH=full]1270705[/ATTACH] AUGUSTUS AS, TITUS RESTORATION ISSUE, 80-81 AD (27mm, 10.71 gm) BMCRE Volume II, Rome, Titus No. 273-275 RIC Volume II, Part 1 (second edition), Titus, No. 462 Obverse depiction: Augustus, radiate head facing left Inscription: DIVVS AV _____ GVSTVS PATER Reverse depiction: Eagle with wings spread standing on Globe Inscription: IMP T CAES AVG RESTITVIT - S C (above, left and right) [ATTACH=full]1270710[/ATTACH] AUGUSTUS AS, TITUS RESTORATION ISSUE, 80-81 AD (27mm, 10.03 gm) BMCRE Volume II, Rome, Titus No. 271 (variant) RIC Volume II, Part 1 (second edition), Titus, No. 454 Obverse depiction: Augustus, radiate head facing left Inscription: DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER Reverse depiction: Altar enclosure with double doors Inscription: IMP T VESP AVG REST - S C (left and right) - PROVIDENT (in exergue) [ATTACH=full]1270715[/ATTACH] AGRIPPA AS, TITUS RESTORATION ISSUE, 80-81 AD .(27mm, 10.00 gm) BMCRE Volume II, Rome, Titus No. 281 (Pl.54.9.) Obverse depiction: Agrippa, radiate head facing left wearing rostral crown Inscription: AGRIPPA L F COS III Reverse depiction: Neptune standing left holding small dolphin and trident Inscription: IMP T VESP AVG REST - S C (left and right) [ATTACH=full]1270720[/ATTACH] TIBERIUS AS, TITUS RESTORATION ISSUE, 80-81 AD (27mm, 11gm) BMCRE Volume II, Rome, Titus No. 284 (Pl.54.11.) Obverse depiction: Tiberius, bare head facing left Inscription (clockwise from bottom left): TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS IMP VIII Reverse depiction: Large S C Inscription (clockwise from 12 o’clock): IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST [ATTACH=full]1270726[/ATTACH] CLAUDIUS SESTERTIUS, TITUS RESTORATION ISSUE, 80-81 AD (34.5mm, 23.12 gm) BMCRE Volume II, Rome, Titus No. 297 (pl. 56.1) RIC Volume II (1962 Edition), Rome, Titus, No. 234 RIC Volume II, Part 1 (second edition), Titus, No. 472 (Sear No. 2601) Obverse depiction: Claudius, laureate head facing right Inscription: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TRP IMP PP Reverse depiction: Personification of Spes holding flower in right hand and demurely raising skirt with left hand Inscription: IMP T VESP AVG REST - S C (left and right) Links relating to this coin: [URL='http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/sear5/s2601.html#RIC_0472%5Btitus%5D']Sear Roman Coins and their Values (RCV 2000 Edition) Number 2601[/URL] (via Wildwinds Claudius) [URL='https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=132778']Sale: CNG, Triton XII, Lot: 555 (5 January 2009)[/URL] (relating to the Titus restoration of the Claudius Spes sestertius) [ATTACH=full]1270729[/ATTACH] AUGUSTUS DUPONDIUS, TITUS RESTORATION ISSUE, 80-81 AD (28 mm, 10.1 gm) BMCRE Volume II, Rome, Titus No. 265 (pl. 54.1) RIC Volume II (1962 Edition), Rome, Titus, No. 190 RIC Volume II, Part 1 (second edition), Titus, No. 445 (Sear No. 2601) Obverse depiction: Augustus head, radiate, facing right Inscription: : DIVVS AVGVS-TVS PATER Reverse depiction: Winged Victory alighting left, round shield in right hand inscribed SP/QR in two lines; S C left and right Inscription: IMP T VESP AVG REST - S C (left and right)[/QUOTE]
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