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The petty currency of the Crusader County of Tripoli by the mid 13th century
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<p>[QUOTE="seth77, post: 4971366, member: 56653"]This small currency of the County of Tripoli was used towards the end of Christian rule on the mainland coast of the Eastern Levant. It is comprised of a small module lightweight silver billon <i>denier </i>and a copper fraction, or <i>pougeoise</i>:</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1194795[/ATTACH]</p><p><i>Bohemond V of Antioch (1233-1252) and later</i></p><p><i>AE15/16mm, 0.51g, billon denier minted at Tripoli, cca. 1235/1240-1250s and later.</i></p><p><i>+ CIVITAS TRIPOL; eight-pointed star, annulets between the rays. </i></p><p><i>+ BAMVND' COMS; cross pattee 3 pellets in the 2nd quarter</i></p><p><i>Malloy 19, Sabine Type 5, Metcalf 549.</i></p><p><i>ex-Lanz</i></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1194794[/ATTACH]</p><p><i>Bohemond V of Antioch (1233-1252) and later</i></p><p><i>AE19x15mm, 0.66g, copper pougeoise, minted at Tripoli, after 1235/1240.</i></p><p><i>+ TRIPOLIS; Genoese tower or gateway, three crenelations.</i></p><p><i>+ CIVITAS; cross pommetee; pellet in circle at centre, pellets in each quarter</i></p><p><i>Malloy 21, Sabine 308-31 (Type 6).</i></p><p><i>ex-TimeLine Auctions</i></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Malloy in CCS followed Sabine and Schlumberger and dated the deniers after 1230 and before 1235, a dating based on the Hoard of Djebail (discovered near Tripoli in 1907, Malloy p. 163). But according to newer studies, this dating is too early and the Type 5 deniers should have a terminus post quem of at least 1240 (Marcus Phillips - A Late Hoard of Crusader and French billon pennies from Syria, 2004, NC) or even around 1250, being the last billon coinage to be minted at Tripoli and probably immobilized through the reigns of Bohemond VI and VII. They are also quite numerous, surpassing in numbers Types 3 and 4, which might again hint to a longer minting period.</p><p><br /></p><p>In the Venetian merchant book known as <i>Zibaldone da Canal</i> there is a reference from the 1270s or 1280s to the <i>grosso di Tripoli</i>, valuing this denomination at <i>14 precisi or 28 rialli</i>: terms most likely used by the Venetians to refer to the local billon <i>denier</i> and its half, the <i>pougeoise</i>. This means that these small currencies were still in use as late as at least 1270 so very likely still being minted around the same period (Phillips, p. 302).</p><p><br /></p><p>The pougeoise is part of the last type of the so-called "castle coppers", minted anonymously starting with the reign of Bohemond V. They are probably the <i>rialli </i>referred to in Zibaldone da Canal, circulating as petty currency alongside the denier up to around 1270s or 1280s. The design showing the Genoese gate or tower is consistent with a larger trend taking place in the Mediterranean manifesting itself from around the mid 13th century, certainly under the influence of the expanding power and presence of the Genoese maritime empire.</p><p><br /></p><p>The conspicuous difference in the legends of these contemporaneous coinages, with the silver issues bearing the names of the hereditary counts while the coppers remained anonymous but bearing the Genoese symbolic tower or gate, might be an indication of different minting authorities -- the feudal authority striking in silver while the coppers were left to the Genoese interests in the city, to be minted at their free will or under a mutual understanding with the lord, and to be used for and by the citizens in the markets of the city.</p><p><br /></p><p>These fractions were probably minted and in use around the same time as the Antioch late pougeoise, which in turn bears the name of Bohemond, but the Tripolitanian coppers are much scarcer, perhaps adding more hints regarding their condition as Genoese money rather than the coinage of the count.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="seth77, post: 4971366, member: 56653"]This small currency of the County of Tripoli was used towards the end of Christian rule on the mainland coast of the Eastern Levant. It is comprised of a small module lightweight silver billon [I]denier [/I]and a copper fraction, or [I]pougeoise[/I]: [ATTACH=full]1194795[/ATTACH] [I]Bohemond V of Antioch (1233-1252) and later AE15/16mm, 0.51g, billon denier minted at Tripoli, cca. 1235/1240-1250s and later. + CIVITAS TRIPOL; eight-pointed star, annulets between the rays. + BAMVND' COMS; cross pattee 3 pellets in the 2nd quarter Malloy 19, Sabine Type 5, Metcalf 549. ex-Lanz[/I] [ATTACH=full]1194794[/ATTACH] [I]Bohemond V of Antioch (1233-1252) and later AE19x15mm, 0.66g, copper pougeoise, minted at Tripoli, after 1235/1240. + TRIPOLIS; Genoese tower or gateway, three crenelations. + CIVITAS; cross pommetee; pellet in circle at centre, pellets in each quarter Malloy 21, Sabine 308-31 (Type 6). ex-TimeLine Auctions[/I] Malloy in CCS followed Sabine and Schlumberger and dated the deniers after 1230 and before 1235, a dating based on the Hoard of Djebail (discovered near Tripoli in 1907, Malloy p. 163). But according to newer studies, this dating is too early and the Type 5 deniers should have a terminus post quem of at least 1240 (Marcus Phillips - A Late Hoard of Crusader and French billon pennies from Syria, 2004, NC) or even around 1250, being the last billon coinage to be minted at Tripoli and probably immobilized through the reigns of Bohemond VI and VII. They are also quite numerous, surpassing in numbers Types 3 and 4, which might again hint to a longer minting period. In the Venetian merchant book known as [I]Zibaldone da Canal[/I] there is a reference from the 1270s or 1280s to the [I]grosso di Tripoli[/I], valuing this denomination at [I]14 precisi or 28 rialli[/I]: terms most likely used by the Venetians to refer to the local billon [I]denier[/I] and its half, the [I]pougeoise[/I]. This means that these small currencies were still in use as late as at least 1270 so very likely still being minted around the same period (Phillips, p. 302). The pougeoise is part of the last type of the so-called "castle coppers", minted anonymously starting with the reign of Bohemond V. They are probably the [I]rialli [/I]referred to in Zibaldone da Canal, circulating as petty currency alongside the denier up to around 1270s or 1280s. The design showing the Genoese gate or tower is consistent with a larger trend taking place in the Mediterranean manifesting itself from around the mid 13th century, certainly under the influence of the expanding power and presence of the Genoese maritime empire. The conspicuous difference in the legends of these contemporaneous coinages, with the silver issues bearing the names of the hereditary counts while the coppers remained anonymous but bearing the Genoese symbolic tower or gate, might be an indication of different minting authorities -- the feudal authority striking in silver while the coppers were left to the Genoese interests in the city, to be minted at their free will or under a mutual understanding with the lord, and to be used for and by the citizens in the markets of the city. These fractions were probably minted and in use around the same time as the Antioch late pougeoise, which in turn bears the name of Bohemond, but the Tripolitanian coppers are much scarcer, perhaps adding more hints regarding their condition as Genoese money rather than the coinage of the count.[/QUOTE]
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The petty currency of the Crusader County of Tripoli by the mid 13th century
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