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<p>[QUOTE="Ocatarinetabellatchitchix, post: 3769569, member: 99554"]<i>« A bad day in London is still better than a good day anywhere else »</i></p><p>I love the British Museum, I love Big Ben and I even adore the British accent. But London ( Londinium) is also a place with a rich history in the ancient Roman world. So let’s overview some interesting details about this famous <i>polis </i>and mostly about his monetary workshop.</p><p><b>The city</b></p><p>The founding of the city was around 50 AD. The Roman governor of Britain ( Ostorius Scapula ) gave orders to build a permanent base on the north bank of the Thames. <b>Londinium</b> comes from the Celtic <i>Londinion</i> and may relate to a personal name. In 60 AD, Boudicca, Queen of east Anglian tribe the Iceni, instigates a revolt. They sacked and burned the city to the ground. An estimated 70,000- 80,000 Roman and British were then killed in the area, many by tortures. The second, heavily planned, birth of <b>Londinium</b> prospered, and it supplanted Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its summum in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000. It was a cosmopolitan community of marchands from across the empire. The emperor Hadrian visited <b>Londinium</b> in 122 AD, and the spectacular public buildings from around this period may have been initially constructed in preparation for his visit. In 125 AD, a fifth of the city was destroyed by flames. Shortly after this fire, the construction of the famous wall and its numerous gates began. Built of Kentish ragstones, the City’s Roman wall is nearly 2 miles long and surrounds an area of 330 acres.</p><p><b>Londinium</b> also seems to have shrunk in both size and population in the second half of the 2nd century. The cause is unknown but plague is a possibility, as the Antonine Plague is recorded desolating other areas of Western Europe between 165 and 190.</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Hadrian_bm.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p>A bronze head of Hadrian found in London (British Museum)</p><p><br /></p><p>Septimius Severus was victorious over Clodius Albinus in 197 and shortly afterwards divided the province of Britain into Upper and Lower halves, with the former controlled by a new governor . Regardless of the smaller administrative area, the economic stimulus provided by the Wall and by Septimius Severus's campaigns in Caledonia may have revived London's economy in the early 3rd century. In 286 AD, Carausius declared himself Augustus and trained the locals as sailors and soldiers.</p><p>Diocletian and Maximian failed in their attempts to squash Carausius’ reign. His rule extended far into Gaul, and in 290 the two emperors were forced to recognize his regime. In 293 Allectus, Carausius’ minister of finance, killed him and assumed power.Three years later, in 296, the reconquest of Britain began. The reform of Diocletian were introduced: Britain as a whole became the Diocese of the Britain under the administration of the Prefecture of the Gauls based in Trier and was divided from two provinces into four or five. Twice British legions rebelled and elected their own emperors : Magnus Maximus in 382 AD and Constantine III en 407 AD. Both crossed the channel with their army and were defeated.</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/London_Wall_fragment.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p>A piece of the London Wall</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Boadicea_Haranguing_the_Britons_%28called_Boudicca%2C_or_Boadicea%29_by_John_Opie.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p>Queen Boudicca in John Opie’s painting <i>Boadicea Haranguing the Britons</i></p><p><i><br /></i></p><p><b>The mint</b></p><p>The first official <b>Londinium</b> mint was under Carausius in 286 AD. The theory of the operation of a workshop before his reign has not been proven. No coins can be assigned to it on grounds either of style or of mint-marks. The suggestion that it existed in the 2nd century, and that such coins as the Britannia types of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius were its work, is without probability. The barbarous imitations of early Imperial coins, which were without doubt made in Britain, need not have been manufactured in <b>Londinium</b> any more than in any other part of the island where Roman coins were in circulation. Carausius strucked gold, silver, and copper washed with silver in London, which was probably the first of his British mints to operate. He also issued at London aurei with the name and portrait of Maximian. How many officinae were operating in that mint ? Nobody knows but it has been thought that there were as many as six; but so elaborate an organization is unlikely to have existed in the circumstances.</p><p><br /></p><p>Allectus issued from London gold (on the same standard as had been used by Carausius) and copper (silvered), but no silver. After the reconquest of Britain, the London mint came into line with the other mints as reorganized by the reform of 296. It was, however, never again to issue gold or silver, except for a brief period in the reign of Magnus Maximus. The workshop must have been working down to 388, the last year of his reign. There are many mintmarks for this city : L, LD, LG, LI,LN, LON, LVG, MLL, MSL, PLN, PLON, AVG ( Londinium was renamed Augusta around 325 AD ), AVGOB, AVGPS.</p><p>This mint was active under the following issuers</p><p><br /></p><ul> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/47" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/47" rel="nofollow">Diocletian</a> - AD 284 - AD 305</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/43" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/43" rel="nofollow">Carausius</a> - AD 286 - AD 293</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/56" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/56" rel="nofollow">Maximian I</a> - AD 286 - AD 310</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/206" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/206" rel="nofollow">Carausius for Maximian</a> - AD 290 - AD 292</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/205" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/205" rel="nofollow">Carausius for Diocletian</a> - AD 290 - AD 292</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/106" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/106" rel="nofollow">Galerius</a> - AD 293 - AD 311</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/40" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/40" rel="nofollow">Allectus</a> - AD 293 - AD 296</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/74" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/74" rel="nofollow">Constantius I</a> - AD 293 - AD 306</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/144" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/144" rel="nofollow">Severus</a> - AD 305 - AD 307</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/130" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/130" rel="nofollow">Maximinus Daia</a> - AD 305 - AD 313</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/96" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/96" rel="nofollow">Constantine I</a> - AD 306 - AD 337</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/119" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/119" rel="nofollow">Licinius I</a> - AD 308 - AD 324</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/120" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/120" rel="nofollow">Licinius II</a> - AD 317 - AD 324</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/97" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/97" rel="nofollow">Constantine II</a> - AD 317 - AD 340</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/87" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/87" rel="nofollow">Crispus</a> - AD 317 - AD 326</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/100" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/100" rel="nofollow">Constantius II</a> - AD 323 - AD 361</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/109" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/109" rel="nofollow">Helena</a> - AD 324 - AD 341</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/103" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/103" rel="nofollow">Fausta</a> - AD 324 - AD 328</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/152" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/152" rel="nofollow">Valentinian II</a> - AD 375 - AD 392</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/147" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/147" rel="nofollow">Theodosius I</a> - AD 379 - AD 395</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/123" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/123" rel="nofollow">Magnus Maximus</a> - AD 383 - AD 388</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/85" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/85" rel="nofollow">Arcadius</a> - AD 383 - AD 408</li> <li><a href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/104" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/104" rel="nofollow">Flavius Victor</a> - AD 387 - AD 388</li> </ul><p>Now it’s time for the <b>Challenge </b>: how many <b>Londinium</b> coins and emperors can we cover ? Please help me and <b>show me your babies !</b></p><p><b><br /></b></p><p>Here are 2 of mine :</p><p>[ATTACH=full]1008522[/ATTACH]</p><p>Carausius</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1008524[/ATTACH]</p><p>Constantine the Great[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="Ocatarinetabellatchitchix, post: 3769569, member: 99554"][I]« A bad day in London is still better than a good day anywhere else »[/I] I love the British Museum, I love Big Ben and I even adore the British accent. But London ( Londinium) is also a place with a rich history in the ancient Roman world. So let’s overview some interesting details about this famous [I]polis [/I]and mostly about his monetary workshop. [B]The city[/B] The founding of the city was around 50 AD. The Roman governor of Britain ( Ostorius Scapula ) gave orders to build a permanent base on the north bank of the Thames. [B]Londinium[/B] comes from the Celtic [I]Londinion[/I] and may relate to a personal name. In 60 AD, Boudicca, Queen of east Anglian tribe the Iceni, instigates a revolt. They sacked and burned the city to the ground. An estimated 70,000- 80,000 Roman and British were then killed in the area, many by tortures. The second, heavily planned, birth of [B]Londinium[/B] prospered, and it supplanted Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its summum in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000. It was a cosmopolitan community of marchands from across the empire. The emperor Hadrian visited [B]Londinium[/B] in 122 AD, and the spectacular public buildings from around this period may have been initially constructed in preparation for his visit. In 125 AD, a fifth of the city was destroyed by flames. Shortly after this fire, the construction of the famous wall and its numerous gates began. Built of Kentish ragstones, the City’s Roman wall is nearly 2 miles long and surrounds an area of 330 acres. [B]Londinium[/B] also seems to have shrunk in both size and population in the second half of the 2nd century. The cause is unknown but plague is a possibility, as the Antonine Plague is recorded desolating other areas of Western Europe between 165 and 190. [IMG]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Hadrian_bm.jpg[/IMG] A bronze head of Hadrian found in London (British Museum) Septimius Severus was victorious over Clodius Albinus in 197 and shortly afterwards divided the province of Britain into Upper and Lower halves, with the former controlled by a new governor . Regardless of the smaller administrative area, the economic stimulus provided by the Wall and by Septimius Severus's campaigns in Caledonia may have revived London's economy in the early 3rd century. In 286 AD, Carausius declared himself Augustus and trained the locals as sailors and soldiers. Diocletian and Maximian failed in their attempts to squash Carausius’ reign. His rule extended far into Gaul, and in 290 the two emperors were forced to recognize his regime. In 293 Allectus, Carausius’ minister of finance, killed him and assumed power.Three years later, in 296, the reconquest of Britain began. The reform of Diocletian were introduced: Britain as a whole became the Diocese of the Britain under the administration of the Prefecture of the Gauls based in Trier and was divided from two provinces into four or five. Twice British legions rebelled and elected their own emperors : Magnus Maximus in 382 AD and Constantine III en 407 AD. Both crossed the channel with their army and were defeated. [IMG]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/London_Wall_fragment.jpg[/IMG] A piece of the London Wall [IMG]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Boadicea_Haranguing_the_Britons_%28called_Boudicca%2C_or_Boadicea%29_by_John_Opie.jpg[/IMG] Queen Boudicca in John Opie’s painting [I]Boadicea Haranguing the Britons [/I] [B]The mint[/B] The first official [B]Londinium[/B] mint was under Carausius in 286 AD. The theory of the operation of a workshop before his reign has not been proven. No coins can be assigned to it on grounds either of style or of mint-marks. The suggestion that it existed in the 2nd century, and that such coins as the Britannia types of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius were its work, is without probability. The barbarous imitations of early Imperial coins, which were without doubt made in Britain, need not have been manufactured in [B]Londinium[/B] any more than in any other part of the island where Roman coins were in circulation. Carausius strucked gold, silver, and copper washed with silver in London, which was probably the first of his British mints to operate. He also issued at London aurei with the name and portrait of Maximian. How many officinae were operating in that mint ? Nobody knows but it has been thought that there were as many as six; but so elaborate an organization is unlikely to have existed in the circumstances. Allectus issued from London gold (on the same standard as had been used by Carausius) and copper (silvered), but no silver. After the reconquest of Britain, the London mint came into line with the other mints as reorganized by the reform of 296. It was, however, never again to issue gold or silver, except for a brief period in the reign of Magnus Maximus. The workshop must have been working down to 388, the last year of his reign. There are many mintmarks for this city : L, LD, LG, LI,LN, LON, LVG, MLL, MSL, PLN, PLON, AVG ( Londinium was renamed Augusta around 325 AD ), AVGOB, AVGPS. This mint was active under the following issuers [LIST] [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/47']Diocletian[/URL] - AD 284 - AD 305 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/43']Carausius[/URL] - AD 286 - AD 293 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/56']Maximian I[/URL] - AD 286 - AD 310 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/206']Carausius for Maximian[/URL] - AD 290 - AD 292 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/205']Carausius for Diocletian[/URL] - AD 290 - AD 292 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/106']Galerius[/URL] - AD 293 - AD 311 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/40']Allectus[/URL] - AD 293 - AD 296 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/74']Constantius I[/URL] - AD 293 - AD 306 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/144']Severus[/URL] - AD 305 - AD 307 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/130']Maximinus Daia[/URL] - AD 305 - AD 313 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/96']Constantine I[/URL] - AD 306 - AD 337 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/119']Licinius I[/URL] - AD 308 - AD 324 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/120']Licinius II[/URL] - AD 317 - AD 324 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/97']Constantine II[/URL] - AD 317 - AD 340 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/87']Crispus[/URL] - AD 317 - AD 326 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/100']Constantius II[/URL] - AD 323 - AD 361 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/109']Helena[/URL] - AD 324 - AD 341 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/103']Fausta[/URL] - AD 324 - AD 328 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/152']Valentinian II[/URL] - AD 375 - AD 392 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/147']Theodosius I[/URL] - AD 379 - AD 395 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/123']Magnus Maximus[/URL] - AD 383 - AD 388 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/85']Arcadius[/URL] - AD 383 - AD 408 [*][URL='https://finds.org.uk/romancoins/emperors/emperor/id/104']Flavius Victor[/URL] - AD 387 - AD 388 [/LIST] Now it’s time for the [B]Challenge [/B]: how many [B]Londinium[/B] coins and emperors can we cover ? Please help me and [B]show me your babies ! [/B] Here are 2 of mine : [ATTACH=full]1008522[/ATTACH] Carausius [ATTACH=full]1008524[/ATTACH] Constantine the Great[/QUOTE]
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