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<p>[QUOTE="Roman Collector, post: 7619690, member: 75937"]The Greek word <i>koinos</i> means "common" in the broadest sense of that word. The word has many cognates. <i>Koinonia</i>, for example, means "fellowship." Another cognate, <i>koinon</i>, might be translated as "commonwealth" or "federation," but is commonly translated as "league."[1]</p><p><br /></p><p>Throughout their history, the Greeks formed many leagues (<i>koina</i>) to pool the resources of cities. Later, when Greeks were under Roman rule, the reasons for forming leagues were less pragmatic, and often they were dedicated to worship of the Imperial cult. <i>Koina</i> were typically comprised of groups of cities that had historical, economic, social, religious or defense ties that predated the Roman occupation. Some leagues that issued coins were those in Macedon, Thessaly, Lycaonia, Crete, Bithynia, Pontus, Ionia, Phrygia, Galatia, Lycia and the islands of Lesbos and Cyprus.</p><p><br /></p><p>This coin was issued in the Koinon of Bithynia during the reign of Hadrian. David Vagi asserts these coins depicting an octostyle temple issued under Hadrian were "probably … struck for federal games held during an Imperial visit."[2]</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1311252[/ATTACH]</p><blockquote><p><font size="3">Sabina, AD 117-137.</font></p><p><font size="3">Roman provincial Æ 24.5 mm, 8.12 g, 6 h.</font></p><p><font size="3">Bithynia, Koinon of Bithynia.</font></p><p><font size="3">Obv: CΑΒЄΙΝΑ ϹЄΒΑϹΤΗ, draped bust of Sabina, right, with hair coiled and piled on top of head above double stephane.</font></p><p><font size="3">Rev: ΚΟΙ-ΝΟΝ BЄIΘΥΝΙΑϹ, octastyle temple on podium; pellet in pediment; Nikes erecting trophies (?) on raking cornices.</font></p><p><font size="3">Refs: RPC III, <a href="https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/coins/3/1016A" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/coins/3/1016A" rel="nofollow">1016A</a>; SNG von Aulock 291; cf. BMC 13.107,30.</font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>Bithynia and Pontus were originally separate geopolitical entities, but they had a largely common culture, and were co-administered as one province beginning in 63 BC under Pompey. The province of Bithynia and Pontus comprised the western portion of Asia Minor along the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus; "hospitable sea") coast.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1311268[/ATTACH]</p><blockquote><p><font size="3">Asia Minor: Roman Administrative Organization under Trajan (98-117 AD)[3]</font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>Under the Roman principate, all Roman provinces were divided into either imperial provinces or senatorial provinces. Imperial provinces were those border provinces which required a permanent military presence to protect the empire from invasion. As such, only the emperor (as supreme commander of the army) had the right to appoint the governors of those provinces.</p><p><br /></p><p>Senatorial provinces, not bordering hostile territories, did not possess any significant military force. The province of Bithynia and Pontus was initially a senatorial province: The senate used a sortition to select a <i>proconsul</i> who would have imperium over the territory and be assisted by a <i>legatus</i> (lieutenant governor) and a <i>quaestor</i> who handled financial issues.</p><p><br /></p><p>However, according to Cassius Dio, around AD 134 the Senate ceded control of Bithynia and Pontus to the emperor in return for Lycia et Pamphylia and it became an imperial province.</p><p><br /></p><p>The Koinon first issued coins under the emperor Vespasian. The location of the mint within the province is unknown; Nicomedia, Nicaea, Chalcedon, Heracleia, Apameia and Amastris all had functioning mints in pre-imperial times and are potential candidates for minting during the period of the Koinon. During the Flavian period, these coins typically bore the name of the proconsul of the province and often the inscription, ΒΙΘΥΝΙΑ (Bithynia), which identifies the coins as being struck for use in the province at large. It is not until the reign of Hadrian, however, that we see the word KOINON appear. Dating these coins during the reign of Hadrian is difficult, but I wonder if the appearance of KOINON in their inscriptions coincides with the province changing its status in AD 134 from a senatorial province to an imperial one.</p><p><br /></p><p><i>Let's see your coins of the Koinon!</i></p><p><br /></p><p>~~~</p><p><br /></p><p>Notes</p><p><br /></p><p>1. "Koinon." <i>Wikipedia</i>, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinon.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Vagi, David. "Ancients: Roman Provincial Coins." <i>NGC</i>, <a href="http://www.ngccoin.com/news/article/1884/Roman-Provincial-Coins/" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.ngccoin.com/news/article/1884/Roman-Provincial-Coins/" rel="nofollow">www.ngccoin.com/news/article/1884/Roman-Provincial-Coins/</a>.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. "Map -- Asia Minor: Roman Administrative Organization under Trajan (98-117 AD)." <i>Wikipedia</i>, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Apr. 2021, upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="Roman Collector, post: 7619690, member: 75937"]The Greek word [I]koinos[/I] means "common" in the broadest sense of that word. The word has many cognates. [I]Koinonia[/I], for example, means "fellowship." Another cognate, [I]koinon[/I], might be translated as "commonwealth" or "federation," but is commonly translated as "league."[1] Throughout their history, the Greeks formed many leagues ([I]koina[/I]) to pool the resources of cities. Later, when Greeks were under Roman rule, the reasons for forming leagues were less pragmatic, and often they were dedicated to worship of the Imperial cult. [I]Koina[/I] were typically comprised of groups of cities that had historical, economic, social, religious or defense ties that predated the Roman occupation. Some leagues that issued coins were those in Macedon, Thessaly, Lycaonia, Crete, Bithynia, Pontus, Ionia, Phrygia, Galatia, Lycia and the islands of Lesbos and Cyprus. This coin was issued in the Koinon of Bithynia during the reign of Hadrian. David Vagi asserts these coins depicting an octostyle temple issued under Hadrian were "probably … struck for federal games held during an Imperial visit."[2] [ATTACH=full]1311252[/ATTACH] [INDENT][SIZE=3]Sabina, AD 117-137. Roman provincial Æ 24.5 mm, 8.12 g, 6 h. Bithynia, Koinon of Bithynia. Obv: CΑΒЄΙΝΑ ϹЄΒΑϹΤΗ, draped bust of Sabina, right, with hair coiled and piled on top of head above double stephane. Rev: ΚΟΙ-ΝΟΝ BЄIΘΥΝΙΑϹ, octastyle temple on podium; pellet in pediment; Nikes erecting trophies (?) on raking cornices. Refs: RPC III, [URL='https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/coins/3/1016A']1016A[/URL]; SNG von Aulock 291; cf. BMC 13.107,30.[/SIZE][/INDENT] Bithynia and Pontus were originally separate geopolitical entities, but they had a largely common culture, and were co-administered as one province beginning in 63 BC under Pompey. The province of Bithynia and Pontus comprised the western portion of Asia Minor along the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus; "hospitable sea") coast. [ATTACH=full]1311268[/ATTACH] [INDENT][SIZE=3]Asia Minor: Roman Administrative Organization under Trajan (98-117 AD)[3][/SIZE][/INDENT] Under the Roman principate, all Roman provinces were divided into either imperial provinces or senatorial provinces. Imperial provinces were those border provinces which required a permanent military presence to protect the empire from invasion. As such, only the emperor (as supreme commander of the army) had the right to appoint the governors of those provinces. Senatorial provinces, not bordering hostile territories, did not possess any significant military force. The province of Bithynia and Pontus was initially a senatorial province: The senate used a sortition to select a [I]proconsul[/I] who would have imperium over the territory and be assisted by a [I]legatus[/I] (lieutenant governor) and a [I]quaestor[/I] who handled financial issues. However, according to Cassius Dio, around AD 134 the Senate ceded control of Bithynia and Pontus to the emperor in return for Lycia et Pamphylia and it became an imperial province. The Koinon first issued coins under the emperor Vespasian. The location of the mint within the province is unknown; Nicomedia, Nicaea, Chalcedon, Heracleia, Apameia and Amastris all had functioning mints in pre-imperial times and are potential candidates for minting during the period of the Koinon. During the Flavian period, these coins typically bore the name of the proconsul of the province and often the inscription, ΒΙΘΥΝΙΑ (Bithynia), which identifies the coins as being struck for use in the province at large. It is not until the reign of Hadrian, however, that we see the word KOINON appear. Dating these coins during the reign of Hadrian is difficult, but I wonder if the appearance of KOINON in their inscriptions coincides with the province changing its status in AD 134 from a senatorial province to an imperial one. [I]Let's see your coins of the Koinon![/I] ~~~ Notes 1. "Koinon." [I]Wikipedia[/I], Wikimedia Foundation, 23 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinon. 2. Vagi, David. "Ancients: Roman Provincial Coins." [I]NGC[/I], [URL='http://www.ngccoin.com/news/article/1884/Roman-Provincial-Coins/']www.ngccoin.com/news/article/1884/Roman-Provincial-Coins/[/URL]. 3. "Map -- Asia Minor: Roman Administrative Organization under Trajan (98-117 AD)." [I]Wikipedia[/I], Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Apr. 2021, upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend[/QUOTE]
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