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<p>[QUOTE="ValiantKnight, post: 2310405, member: 44210"]<b><img src="http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/IMG__20160101__105559.png_zpssden3gii.jpeg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /> </b></p><p><b><img src="http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/IMG__20160101__105646.png_zpsd4h0dteq.jpeg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /> </b></p><p><b><br /></b></p><p><b>Anonymous, Umayyad Caliphate</b></p><p>AE fals</p><p><b>Obv</b>: KA/L/ON in left field, "bi-Hims" (in Arabic) in right field,</p><p>facing bust, beardless, wearing crown and chlamys, holding globus cruciger in right hand</p><p><b>Rev</b>: Large m, E/M/I in left field, two birds eyes above, C/H/C in right field, "tayyib" (Arabic for "good") in ex</p><p><b>Mint</b>: Hims (Emessa; struck 680-690 AD)</p><p><b>Ref</b>:Album 110; SICA I, 542</p><p>(Reference information from Beast Coins)</p><p><br /></p><p>(early Islamic coinage imitated existing coinage in an effort to make the coins more acceptable to the conquered populations)</p><p><br /></p><p>The early Islamic conquests are one of the most dramatic series of events in human history. Within three decades, armies coming out of Arabia had conquered everything from Libya to Afghanistan, and within nine decades had increased Muslim control to Spain and the border with India. The whole balance of the regions involved had changed dramatically; the old powers were in retreat, and a new order and religion came to rule. Antiquity truly gave way to the Middle Ages.</p><p><br /></p><p>The event that had softened up the region for the Muslims had been the longest and bloodiest of the Roman-Persian Wars, between the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire and the Sassanian Persian Empire in the early 7th century. During the conflict's final years, a man in Arabia named Muhammad had united most of the peninsula under the new religion of Islam, and after the Prophet's death, capable generals expanded the young caliphate into territories only just rebuilding after the past war. Land, water, and the need to keep Muslims united against external foes were the driving forces behind the early conquests. The Byzantines and Persians scrambled to organize coherent defenses against the invaders, and the two rivals even joined forces at one point, but were unsuccessful in stemming the tide that was the Muslim army. The Byzantine Empire came out very weakened and reduced in size, while the Sassanian Empire was completely wiped out.</p><p><br /></p><p>The early Muslim conquests largely stopped with the end of the Umayyad Caliphate, in 751 AD.</p><p><br /></p><p>Contrary to what may seem, the Arabs in general treated their conquered non-Muslim population well. Christians and Jews were given protected status, being considered "People of the Book", and as long as towns surrendered peacefully, agreed to pay the jizya tax, and promised not to take up arms against the caliphate, they would be left alone and provided defense by the Muslim armies.</p><p>Non-Muslims with useful skills were sought after and used to great effect in the administration of the early caliphates.</p><p><br /></p><p>Byzantine and Sassanian empires, 600 AD:</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/Byzantine_and_Sassanid_Empires_in_600_CE_zpsusmlozof.png" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>Byzantine Empire and Rashidun Caliphate (as "Arab Caliphate"), 650 AD</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/2000px-Byzantiumby650AD.svg_zpsooc49r0f.png" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>The Arab expansion (dark red: 622-632; light orange: 632-661; beige: 661-750):</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/ESS_PasteBitmap003522_zpsj2dv4oic.png" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>Caliph: the spiritual and political successor to Muhammad and leader of the Ummah (Muslim community)</p><p><br /></p><p>Rasidun (first caliphate): era of the first four "Rightly-Guided Caliphs"</p><p><br /></p><p>Umayyad (second caliphate): caliphs hailing from the Banū (clan) Umayya</p><p><br /></p><p>Abbasid (third caliphate): caliphs descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Muhammad's uncle</p><p><br /></p><p>Armies of the empires (equipment sometimes differed due to locality):</p><p><br /></p><p>Arab:</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/d93e312418dbb865ddc5f34dfaa573ab_zps61vrmgq1.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>Byzantine:</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/4ec51312dadef16306f5f4ecb0a717ab_zpsz3l9mgv3.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>Persian:</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/f41799e326248ff7913b44bf4c16d0f4_zpsymd3rd6d.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>More on the early conquests:</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" rel="nofollow">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests</a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistoriesResponsive.asp?ParagraphID=ebw" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistoriesResponsive.asp?ParagraphID=ebw" rel="nofollow">http://historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistoriesResponsive.asp?ParagraphID=ebw</a></p><p><br /></p><p>An awesome read about the conquests, highly recommended:</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/51YzydVWNSL._SL1500__zpscmdtwzzg.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>Well-written synopsis of the above book:</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://www.economist.com/node/94uncle" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.economist.com/node/94uncle" rel="nofollow">http://www.economist.com/node/94uncle</a>[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="ValiantKnight, post: 2310405, member: 44210"][B][IMG]http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/IMG__20160101__105559.png_zpssden3gii.jpeg[/IMG] [IMG]http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/IMG__20160101__105646.png_zpsd4h0dteq.jpeg[/IMG] Anonymous, Umayyad Caliphate[/B] AE fals [B]Obv[/B]: KA/L/ON in left field, "bi-Hims" (in Arabic) in right field, facing bust, beardless, wearing crown and chlamys, holding globus cruciger in right hand [B]Rev[/B]: Large m, E/M/I in left field, two birds eyes above, C/H/C in right field, "tayyib" (Arabic for "good") in ex [B]Mint[/B]: Hims (Emessa; struck 680-690 AD) [B]Ref[/B]:Album 110; SICA I, 542 (Reference information from Beast Coins) (early Islamic coinage imitated existing coinage in an effort to make the coins more acceptable to the conquered populations) The early Islamic conquests are one of the most dramatic series of events in human history. Within three decades, armies coming out of Arabia had conquered everything from Libya to Afghanistan, and within nine decades had increased Muslim control to Spain and the border with India. The whole balance of the regions involved had changed dramatically; the old powers were in retreat, and a new order and religion came to rule. Antiquity truly gave way to the Middle Ages. The event that had softened up the region for the Muslims had been the longest and bloodiest of the Roman-Persian Wars, between the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire and the Sassanian Persian Empire in the early 7th century. During the conflict's final years, a man in Arabia named Muhammad had united most of the peninsula under the new religion of Islam, and after the Prophet's death, capable generals expanded the young caliphate into territories only just rebuilding after the past war. Land, water, and the need to keep Muslims united against external foes were the driving forces behind the early conquests. The Byzantines and Persians scrambled to organize coherent defenses against the invaders, and the two rivals even joined forces at one point, but were unsuccessful in stemming the tide that was the Muslim army. The Byzantine Empire came out very weakened and reduced in size, while the Sassanian Empire was completely wiped out. The early Muslim conquests largely stopped with the end of the Umayyad Caliphate, in 751 AD. Contrary to what may seem, the Arabs in general treated their conquered non-Muslim population well. Christians and Jews were given protected status, being considered "People of the Book", and as long as towns surrendered peacefully, agreed to pay the jizya tax, and promised not to take up arms against the caliphate, they would be left alone and provided defense by the Muslim armies. Non-Muslims with useful skills were sought after and used to great effect in the administration of the early caliphates. Byzantine and Sassanian empires, 600 AD: [IMG]http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/Byzantine_and_Sassanid_Empires_in_600_CE_zpsusmlozof.png[/IMG] Byzantine Empire and Rashidun Caliphate (as "Arab Caliphate"), 650 AD [IMG]http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/2000px-Byzantiumby650AD.svg_zpsooc49r0f.png[/IMG] The Arab expansion (dark red: 622-632; light orange: 632-661; beige: 661-750): [IMG]http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/ESS_PasteBitmap003522_zpsj2dv4oic.png[/IMG] Caliph: the spiritual and political successor to Muhammad and leader of the Ummah (Muslim community) Rasidun (first caliphate): era of the first four "Rightly-Guided Caliphs" Umayyad (second caliphate): caliphs hailing from the Banū (clan) Umayya Abbasid (third caliphate): caliphs descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Muhammad's uncle Armies of the empires (equipment sometimes differed due to locality): Arab: [IMG]http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/d93e312418dbb865ddc5f34dfaa573ab_zps61vrmgq1.jpg[/IMG] Byzantine: [IMG]http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/4ec51312dadef16306f5f4ecb0a717ab_zpsz3l9mgv3.jpg[/IMG] Persian: [IMG]http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/f41799e326248ff7913b44bf4c16d0f4_zpsymd3rd6d.jpg[/IMG] More on the early conquests: [url]https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests[/url] [url]http://historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistoriesResponsive.asp?ParagraphID=ebw[/url] An awesome read about the conquests, highly recommended: [IMG]http://i1197.photobucket.com/albums/aa429/LurkingNinja/Mobile%20Uploads/51YzydVWNSL._SL1500__zpscmdtwzzg.jpg[/IMG] Well-written synopsis of the above book: [url]http://www.economist.com/node/94uncle[/url][/QUOTE]
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