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<p>[QUOTE="svessien, post: 5199785, member: 15481"]It struck me that I don’t have any Libertas reverses. Looking for one, I thought «there’s one», but it proved to be Liberalitas, who is related, but quite different:</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1214773[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Antoninus Pius</b> (138-161). Denarius. Rome.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Obverse</b>: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P. Laureate head right.</p><p><b>Reverse</b>: TR POT COS IIII / LIB IIII. Liberalitas standing left with abacus and cornucopia.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Reference</b>: RIC 155 type 2, RSC 490a, BMC 567; Sear 4089.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Condition</b>: Very fine</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Weight</b>: 3.13 g. <b>Diameter</b>: 18 mm.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><i>In <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_culture" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_culture" rel="nofollow">ancient Roman culture</a>, <b>liberalitas</b> was the virtue of giving freely (from liber, "free"), hence generosity. On coins, a political leader of the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic" rel="nofollow">Roman Republic</a> or an <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor" rel="nofollow">emperor</a> of the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" rel="nofollow">Imperial era</a> might be depicted as displaying largess to the Roman people, with liberalitas embodied as a goddess at his side.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-1" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-1" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> The goddess <b>Liberalitas</b> appears on coinage issued under the emperors Gordian III <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" rel="nofollow">Trajan</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" rel="nofollow">Antoninus Pius</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-2" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-2" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" rel="nofollow">Septimius Severus</a>,<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-3" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-3" rel="nofollow">[3]</a> sometimes designated as <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities#Augustus_and_Augusta" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities#Augustus_and_Augusta" rel="nofollow">Augusta or Augusti</a> in association with <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" rel="nofollow">Imperial cult</a>. On one example, a Roman holds out his <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" rel="nofollow">toga</a> to receive coins poured by Liberalitas, as Antoninus looks on from an elevated seat.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-4" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-4" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></i></p><p><br /></p><p><i>The divine Virtues are sometimes associated with a particular activity or function performed by the emperor—in the case of Liberalitas, the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congiarium" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congiarium" rel="nofollow">congiarium</a> or giving of gifts by the emperor directly to individuals.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-5" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-5" rel="nofollow">[5]</a>The enacting of the particular virtue was considered an <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophany" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophany" rel="nofollow">epiphany</a> of the goddess or <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#miraculum" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#miraculum" rel="nofollow">miraculum</a>: Liberalitas was thought to have manifested herself when Trajan distributed cash gifts to the populace during his formal arrival ceremony (<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventus_(ceremony)" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventus_(ceremony)" rel="nofollow">adventus</a>) in 99 AD.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-6" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-6" rel="nofollow">[6]</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" rel="nofollow">Pliny</a> names the quality of liberalitas in his <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panegyric" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panegyric" rel="nofollow">Panegyric</a> to Trajan.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-7" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-7" rel="nofollow">[7]</a></i></p><p><br /></p><p><i>Liberalitas was theologically linked to <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providentia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providentia" rel="nofollow">Providentia</a>, "providence", and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona" rel="nofollow">Annona</a>, the embodiment of the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_supply_to_the_city_of_Rome" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_supply_to_the_city_of_Rome" rel="nofollow">grain supply</a>.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-8" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-8" rel="nofollow">[8]</a></i></p><p><br /></p><p>(Wikipedia)[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="svessien, post: 5199785, member: 15481"]It struck me that I don’t have any Libertas reverses. Looking for one, I thought «there’s one», but it proved to be Liberalitas, who is related, but quite different: [ATTACH=full]1214773[/ATTACH] [B]Antoninus Pius[/B] (138-161). Denarius. Rome. [B]Obverse[/B]: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P. Laureate head right. [B]Reverse[/B]: TR POT COS IIII / LIB IIII. Liberalitas standing left with abacus and cornucopia. [B]Reference[/B]: RIC 155 type 2, RSC 490a, BMC 567; Sear 4089. [B]Condition[/B]: Very fine [B]Weight[/B]: 3.13 g. [B]Diameter[/B]: 18 mm. [I]In [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_culture']ancient Roman culture[/URL], [B]liberalitas[/B] was the virtue of giving freely (from liber, "free"), hence generosity. On coins, a political leader of the [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic']Roman Republic[/URL] or an [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor']emperor[/URL] of the [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire']Imperial era[/URL] might be depicted as displaying largess to the Roman people, with liberalitas embodied as a goddess at his side.[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-1'][1][/URL] The goddess [B]Liberalitas[/B] appears on coinage issued under the emperors Gordian III [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan']Trajan[/URL], [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius']Antoninus Pius[/URL][URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-2'][2][/URL] and [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus']Septimius Severus[/URL],[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-3'][3][/URL] sometimes designated as [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities#Augustus_and_Augusta']Augusta or Augusti[/URL] in association with [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)']Imperial cult[/URL]. On one example, a Roman holds out his [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga']toga[/URL] to receive coins poured by Liberalitas, as Antoninus looks on from an elevated seat.[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-4'][4][/URL][/I] [I]The divine Virtues are sometimes associated with a particular activity or function performed by the emperor—in the case of Liberalitas, the [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congiarium']congiarium[/URL] or giving of gifts by the emperor directly to individuals.[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-5'][5][/URL]The enacting of the particular virtue was considered an [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophany']epiphany[/URL] of the goddess or [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#miraculum']miraculum[/URL]: Liberalitas was thought to have manifested herself when Trajan distributed cash gifts to the populace during his formal arrival ceremony ([URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventus_(ceremony)']adventus[/URL]) in 99 AD.[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-6'][6][/URL][URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger']Pliny[/URL] names the quality of liberalitas in his [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panegyric']Panegyric[/URL] to Trajan.[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-7'][7][/URL][/I] [I]Liberalitas was theologically linked to [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providentia']Providentia[/URL], "providence", and [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona']Annona[/URL], the embodiment of the [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_supply_to_the_city_of_Rome']grain supply[/URL].[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalitas#cite_note-8'][8][/URL][/I] (Wikipedia)[/QUOTE]
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