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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;Burton Strauss III, post: 4515576, member: 59677&quot;][USER=5233]@CamaroDMD[/USER] fair enough on the multiple strains. You are correct, any NEW strain of anything is a fresh start for the population.</p><p><br /></p><p>From the CDC report on 2009: &quot;The (H1N1)pdm09 virus was very different from H1N1 viruses that were circulating at the time of the pandemic. Few young people had any existing immunity (as detected by antibody response) to the (H1N1)pdm09 virus, but <b>nearly one-third of people over 60 years old had antibodies against this virus, likely from exposure to an older H1N1 virus earlier in their lives</b>. Since the (H1N1)pdm09 virus was very different from circulating H1N1 viruses, vaccination with seasonal flu vaccines offered little cross-protection against (H1N1)pdm09 virus infection.&quot; (emphasis added)</p><p><br /></p><p>That by any imagination is a long-lasting even partial immunity.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>CDC has a page on the difference between &quot;Drift&quot; and &quot;Shift&quot;: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/change.htm" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/change.htm" rel="nofollow">https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/change.htm</a> - under &quot;shift&quot;: &quot;While influenza viruses change all the time due to antigenic drift, antigenic shift happens less frequently. Influenza pandemics occur very rarely; there have been four pandemics in the past 100 years.&quot;</p><p><br /></p><p>And that&#039;s the point - something new comes roaring out of nowhere...</p><p><br /></p><p>In 1918, it was spread across the USA by soldiers (sailors, marines, and coasties) returning from WWI over the relatively new-fangled transportation innovation of the day (trains).</p><p><br /></p><p>The 1957-1958 pandemic was also spread by trains and some amount of long-distance automobile travel. Unlike 1918, there was some early parts of the Interstate Highway System in operation.</p><p><br /></p><p>The 1968 pandemic was spread more widely by the early network of airline flights. e.g. <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/50524827045458132/" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/50524827045458132/" rel="nofollow">https://www.pinterest.com/pin/50524827045458132/</a> (a 1968 American Airlines route map).</p><p><br /></p><p>And of course, the 2009 flu and 2020 Covid-19 pandemic were spread wider and faster by the network of international air flights to every corner of the globe.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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