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<p>[QUOTE="Cherd, post: 23727299, member: 24754"]<b>Continued From:</b></p><p><a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/splintered-empire.403891/" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/splintered-empire.403891/">https://www.cointalk.com/threads/splintered-empire.403891/</a></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Aurelian’s</b> local military Commander <b>Probu</b>s was able to retake Egypt while Aurelian marched toward Palmyra (sacking <b>Zenobia</b> loyal cities along the way). Zenobia began traveling out from the capital to confront Aurelian’s forces at various points along his route. There were three major battles, with Aurelian victorious in all and Zenobia retreating in order to regroup. Aurelian finally reached the capital and laid siege. He promised that the confrontation could be resolved peacefully if Zenobia surrendered to him in person, but she refused.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Zenobia</b> instead snuck out of the city and tried to go east to rouse support among the Persians. She was tracked down, captured by Roman soldiers, and brought back to <b>Aurelian</b>. At this point, the citizenry of greater Palmyrene begged for peace, and the city surrendered in response. Aurelian spared the city of Palmyra and headed for home.</p><p><br /></p><p>It was less than a year later that <b>Aurelian</b> was headed back to Palmyra. In that time, the city had decided to put forth yet another usurper and declared him emperor. Aurelian showed no mercy this time. He handily defeated their forces, breached their walls, and razed the city to the ground (literally smashed the buildings). The Palmyrene Empire’s existence was brief, but it is remembered for having been ruled by one of the most formattable women in history.</p><p><br /></p><p>Things were running smoothly back in the Gallic Empire for <b>Postumus</b>, who had ruled for 9 years at this point. That is, until one of Postumus’ generals named <b>Laelianus</b> attempted to usurp him by declaring himself emperor in the city of Moguntiacum. Postumus marched on Moguntiacum in response, laid siege to the city, and managed to kill Laelianus. Postumus refused to let his soldiers sack the city afterward, which angered them so much that they killed him for it!</p><p><br /></p><p><b><u>Probus and Laelianus</u></b></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1546766[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p>In the resulting confusion, the soldiers elected a new Gallic Emperor in <b>Marius</b>. Marius had originally been a blacksmith, whose skill at metalworking had made him a legend in his own time. He joined the Roman army at some point, and worked his way up the ranks to become an officer under <b>Postumus</b>. His first act as Emperor was…obviously…to let the army sack Moguntiacum! His reign only lasted for 2-3 months though, as he was confronted and killed by the forces of the man that had been Postumus’ Praetorian Prefect, <b>Victorinus</b>.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><u>Marius and Victorinus</u></b></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1546767[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Victorinus</b> became emperor, but there was resistance to recognition of his authority. One City, Augustodunum Haeduorum in Gaul, actually announced their intention to submit to Roman rule. Victorinus made an example out of them by laying siege for 7 months, and then plundering and destroying the city.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Victorinus</b> returned to Colonia to celebrate his triumph, and he must have celebrated a bit too hard. He ended up putting some moves on the wife of one of his officers, Attitianus, and the enraged husband killed him for it! Victorinus’ mother, Victoria, stepped in to rule for a short time before appointing <b>Tetricus I</b> as her son’s successor.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><u>Tetricus I and Tetricus II</u></b></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1546770[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Tetricus</b> made his son <b>Tetricus II</b> Caesar, and spent most of his 4-year reign fending off Barbarian invaders in his north-eastern territories. But his biggest challenge came in 274 when <b>Aurelian</b>, having successfully retaken the Palmyrene Empire, turned his sites on the Gallic provinces. Aurelian’s and Tetricus’ armies met in Northern Gaul at the Battle of Chalons in 274, where Tetricus was soundly defeated. Tetricus surrendered after the battle and was taken into custody.</p><p><br /></p><p>Back in Rome, <b>Tetricus I</b>, <b>Tetricus II</b>, <b>Zenobia</b>, and <b>Vaballathus</b> were paraded through the streets during <b>Aurelian’s</b> Triumph celebration. The Tetricus boys were not put in chains for the parade like the others, but they were forced to wear braccae (pants worn by German tribes) in order to make them seem more Barbaric. All four offenders were pardoned after the triumph, and while we’re not sure what became of Zenobia and Vaballathus, we do know that Tetricus was given a political position. This led to the rumor that Tetricus’ surrender to Aurelian was part of a pre-planned agreement between the two, but nobody knows for sure. What is known for sure is that Aurelian had actually managed to fully restore all lost territories to the Empire.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Barbarous Coinage</b></p><p>As an aside, this period was also known for “Barbarous coinage”. These were unofficial coins that were minted at various places in the western provinces during the late third and early fourth centuries. They tended to be rough copies of official designs for emperors, mostly of the Gallic Empire. However, they weren’t perceived to be counterfeits because they were not meant to fool anybody and were a convenient way to make small change.</p><p><br /></p><p>We use the word “Imitative” to describe coins where some effort was put into mimicking imperial bust coins (thought to correlate with the starts of emperor’s reigns). But over time the designs would devolve into a jumble of unintelligible, meaningless letters and symbols, and stick figures. The one attribute that tended to stay constant on these low-effort coins was an overly emphasized depiction of the radiate crown that was always included on antoniniani. We call these coins “Radiates”. (take all of this with a grain of salt, I’m no expert)</p><p><br /></p><p><b><u>Barbarous Imitative and Barbarous Radiate</u></b></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1546771[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p>I’m sure everybody is tired of reading by now, hope you liked it!</p><p><br /></p><p>PS: One other person with coins that was not mentioned, <b><span style="color: #ff0000">Domitianus (Domitian II)</span></b>. Thought to have been a Gallic usurper around 270, not much more is known. There are only two known coins, this one is obviously <b><span style="color: #ff0000">not mine</span></b></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1546772[/ATTACH][/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="Cherd, post: 23727299, member: 24754"][B]Continued From:[/B] [URL]https://www.cointalk.com/threads/splintered-empire.403891/[/URL] [B]Aurelian’s[/B] local military Commander [B]Probu[/B]s was able to retake Egypt while Aurelian marched toward Palmyra (sacking [B]Zenobia[/B] loyal cities along the way). Zenobia began traveling out from the capital to confront Aurelian’s forces at various points along his route. There were three major battles, with Aurelian victorious in all and Zenobia retreating in order to regroup. Aurelian finally reached the capital and laid siege. He promised that the confrontation could be resolved peacefully if Zenobia surrendered to him in person, but she refused. [B]Zenobia[/B] instead snuck out of the city and tried to go east to rouse support among the Persians. She was tracked down, captured by Roman soldiers, and brought back to [B]Aurelian[/B]. At this point, the citizenry of greater Palmyrene begged for peace, and the city surrendered in response. Aurelian spared the city of Palmyra and headed for home. It was less than a year later that [B]Aurelian[/B] was headed back to Palmyra. In that time, the city had decided to put forth yet another usurper and declared him emperor. Aurelian showed no mercy this time. He handily defeated their forces, breached their walls, and razed the city to the ground (literally smashed the buildings). The Palmyrene Empire’s existence was brief, but it is remembered for having been ruled by one of the most formattable women in history. Things were running smoothly back in the Gallic Empire for [B]Postumus[/B], who had ruled for 9 years at this point. That is, until one of Postumus’ generals named [B]Laelianus[/B] attempted to usurp him by declaring himself emperor in the city of Moguntiacum. Postumus marched on Moguntiacum in response, laid siege to the city, and managed to kill Laelianus. Postumus refused to let his soldiers sack the city afterward, which angered them so much that they killed him for it! [B][U]Probus and Laelianus[/U][/B] [ATTACH=full]1546766[/ATTACH] In the resulting confusion, the soldiers elected a new Gallic Emperor in [B]Marius[/B]. Marius had originally been a blacksmith, whose skill at metalworking had made him a legend in his own time. He joined the Roman army at some point, and worked his way up the ranks to become an officer under [B]Postumus[/B]. His first act as Emperor was…obviously…to let the army sack Moguntiacum! His reign only lasted for 2-3 months though, as he was confronted and killed by the forces of the man that had been Postumus’ Praetorian Prefect, [B]Victorinus[/B]. [B][U]Marius and Victorinus[/U][/B] [ATTACH=full]1546767[/ATTACH] [B]Victorinus[/B] became emperor, but there was resistance to recognition of his authority. One City, Augustodunum Haeduorum in Gaul, actually announced their intention to submit to Roman rule. Victorinus made an example out of them by laying siege for 7 months, and then plundering and destroying the city. [B]Victorinus[/B] returned to Colonia to celebrate his triumph, and he must have celebrated a bit too hard. He ended up putting some moves on the wife of one of his officers, Attitianus, and the enraged husband killed him for it! Victorinus’ mother, Victoria, stepped in to rule for a short time before appointing [B]Tetricus I[/B] as her son’s successor. [B][U]Tetricus I and Tetricus II[/U][/B] [ATTACH=full]1546770[/ATTACH] [B]Tetricus[/B] made his son [B]Tetricus II[/B] Caesar, and spent most of his 4-year reign fending off Barbarian invaders in his north-eastern territories. But his biggest challenge came in 274 when [B]Aurelian[/B], having successfully retaken the Palmyrene Empire, turned his sites on the Gallic provinces. Aurelian’s and Tetricus’ armies met in Northern Gaul at the Battle of Chalons in 274, where Tetricus was soundly defeated. Tetricus surrendered after the battle and was taken into custody. Back in Rome, [B]Tetricus I[/B], [B]Tetricus II[/B], [B]Zenobia[/B], and [B]Vaballathus[/B] were paraded through the streets during [B]Aurelian’s[/B] Triumph celebration. The Tetricus boys were not put in chains for the parade like the others, but they were forced to wear braccae (pants worn by German tribes) in order to make them seem more Barbaric. All four offenders were pardoned after the triumph, and while we’re not sure what became of Zenobia and Vaballathus, we do know that Tetricus was given a political position. This led to the rumor that Tetricus’ surrender to Aurelian was part of a pre-planned agreement between the two, but nobody knows for sure. What is known for sure is that Aurelian had actually managed to fully restore all lost territories to the Empire. [B]Barbarous Coinage[/B] As an aside, this period was also known for “Barbarous coinage”. These were unofficial coins that were minted at various places in the western provinces during the late third and early fourth centuries. They tended to be rough copies of official designs for emperors, mostly of the Gallic Empire. However, they weren’t perceived to be counterfeits because they were not meant to fool anybody and were a convenient way to make small change. We use the word “Imitative” to describe coins where some effort was put into mimicking imperial bust coins (thought to correlate with the starts of emperor’s reigns). But over time the designs would devolve into a jumble of unintelligible, meaningless letters and symbols, and stick figures. The one attribute that tended to stay constant on these low-effort coins was an overly emphasized depiction of the radiate crown that was always included on antoniniani. We call these coins “Radiates”. (take all of this with a grain of salt, I’m no expert) [B][U]Barbarous Imitative and Barbarous Radiate[/U][/B] [ATTACH=full]1546771[/ATTACH] I’m sure everybody is tired of reading by now, hope you liked it! PS: One other person with coins that was not mentioned, [B][COLOR=#ff0000]Domitianus (Domitian II)[/COLOR][/B]. Thought to have been a Gallic usurper around 270, not much more is known. There are only two known coins, this one is obviously [B][COLOR=#ff0000]not mine[/COLOR][/B] [ATTACH=full]1546772[/ATTACH][/QUOTE]
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