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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;Magnus Maximus, post: 4322153, member: 73473&quot;]<b>Prelude</b></p><p>Few rulers in history had the deck stacked against them so lopsidedly as Seleucus II Callinicus had.</p><p>Seleucus II was the firstborn son of Antiochus II and Laodice I and was born in 265 BCE. One failure of Antiochus II was in his inability to induct his oldest son into government duties early on as had been the tradition dating from Seleucus I. Under an ideal circumstance, Antiochus II would have lived a long life and would have had decades to prepare young Seleucus II for the throne. Unfortunately, Antiochus II died at the age of 40, while leaving an unexperienced 19-year-old son to deal with a confusing dynastic situation.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Collapse</b></p><p>Almost immediately after Antiochus II&#039;s death in 246, partisans of his first wife, Laodice I, had his second wife and five-year old son murdered in Antioch. This was unfortunate as his second wife, Bernice, was the sister to the Egyptian King Ptolemy III. It didn&#039;t take long for the Egyptians to hear about the murder and begin marching toward Antioch to avenge her. The Seleucids fared horribly in the ensuing Third Syrian war; records show that Ptolemy III&#039;s forces reached all the way to Seleucia and Babylon. Seleucus II managed to dislodge the Ptolemies from the old capital but was unable to push any further. A stalemate soon occurred and it very well looked like the Seleucids were to permanently lose all their Syrian holdings. If not for a native Egyptian revolt against their Hellenic overlords, this scenario would have likely occurred. In addition to fighting a losing war to Ptolemy III, Seleucus II also had to face large rebellion in the eastern part of his empire that peeled away much of the territory there.</p><p><br /></p><p><font face="Arial"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><b><font face="Verdana"><span style="color: rgb(20, 20, 20)">Treachery</span></font></b></span></font></p><p>Peace was finally reached with Ptolemy III in 241 BCE, thanks in large part to the local Egyptian revolt, Seleucus II gained back part of Syria with exception of a number of vital coastal towns. For reasons unknown and incomprehensible, Seleucus II&#039;s mother, Laodice I, supported his younger brother Antiochus Hierax against his rule. Antiochus, with the backing of a number of Anatolian states, managed to wrestle control of the region from Seleucus and declared himself King. Antiochus scored a number of victories against Seleucus&nbsp; and a stalemate on this front soon occurred. Seleucus II then tried his hand at reigning in the rebellious eastern satraps, but the results were at best mixed: Parthia and Bactria remained independent.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Stabilization</b></p><p>After his failures in the east, Seleucus II returned to Seleucia and crushed an insurrection started by his rebellious younger brother. Though ultimately his brother&#039;s rebellion was not ended by him but by Attalus I of Pergamon who defeated the young usurper in 226 BCE. Antiochus Hierax was killed by robbers in Thrace; he died poor and destitute.</p><p>With all the immediate threats to his Kingdom dealt with, Seleucus II planed an expedition to retake his former holdings from Atalus I of Pergamon but died suddenly in 225 BCE after being thrown from a horse. Seleucus II was 40 years old and was succeeded by his oldest son, Seleucus III.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Assessment</b></p><p>In 246 BCE the preeminent ancient super power was without a doubt the Seleucid Empire. Antiochus II, Seleucus II&#039;s father, had won large amounts of territory and treasure from the Ptolemies of Egypt and the future looked bright for the Seleucids. Flash forward to 226 BCE: after twenty years of continuous war and rebellion the Seleucid state was in a state of near collapse. If one judges Seleucus II from that lens it is clear that he was an absolute failure. However I tend to be a bit more lenient on him. Seleucus II was only 19 when he took power and had no military or civil experience when he was thrust into war stared by his mother&#039;s political intrigues. Furthermore Seleucus II had to deal with a rebellion of his younger brother started by his own mother. I can&#039;t think many historical leaders who have been placed in that situation. Regardless, the greatest achievement of Seleucus II would be his youngest son, Antiochus III the Great!</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Coins of Seleucus II are not rare by any means but they are much less common than his father&#039;s and his son&#039;s issues. Unlike a large amount of his father&#039;s coins which continue to portray Antiochus I, we know for a fact that Seleucus II is being portrayed on his coins. So with out further delay, here is an lovely tetradrachm of Seleucus II Callinicus.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1098040[/ATTACH]</p><p>Seleucus II Callinicus, 246-226 BC Chr. AR tetradrachm inc. in northern Syria or northern Mesopotamia Vs .: head with diadem from right, back: Apollon stands with arrow on tripod from left, monogram Houghton / Lorber 724.1 on left inside; Newell, WSM 990. 17.18 g.</p><p><br /></p><p>A reduced Seleucid state</p><p>[ATTACH=full]1098042[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p>Sources:</p><p><a href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/seleucus-ii-callinicus/?" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/seleucus-ii-callinicus/?" rel="nofollow">https://www.livius.org/articles/person/seleucus-ii-callinicus/?</a></p><p><a href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/mesopotamian-chronicles-content/bchp-10-seleucid-accessions-chronicle/" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/mesopotamian-chronicles-content/bchp-10-seleucid-accessions-chronicle/" rel="nofollow">https://www.livius.org/sources/content/mesopotamian-chronicles-content/bchp-10-seleucid-accessions-chronicle/</a>[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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