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<p>[QUOTE="Siberian Man, post: 884575, member: 22500"]<b>Sarawak</b> is one of two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" rel="nofollow">Malaysian</a> states on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" rel="nofollow">island</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo" rel="nofollow">Borneo</a>. Known as <i>Bumi Kenyalang</i> ("Land of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbill" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbill" rel="nofollow">Hornbills</a>"), it is situated on the north-west of the island. It is the largest state in Malaysia; the second largest, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" rel="nofollow">Sabah</a>, lies to the northeast.</p><p> The administrative capital is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching" rel="nofollow">Kuching</a> which has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" rel="nofollow">population</a> of 579,900.</p><p>The eastern seaboard of Borneo had been charted (though never settled) by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" rel="nofollow">Portuguese</a> in the early 16th century. The area of today's Sarawak was known to Portuguese cartographers as <b>Cerava</b>. Sarawak had been a loosely governed territory under the control of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" rel="nofollow">Brunei</a> Sultanate in the early 19th century, although for a brief time in the early 17th century Sarawak was self-governed under its first and last Sultan, Sultan Tengah. During the reign of Pangeran Indera Mahkota in 19th century, Sarawak was in chaos <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_needed" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_needed" rel="nofollow">citation needed</a>. Sultan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_II" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_II" rel="nofollow">Omar Ali Saifuddin II</a> (1827–1852), the Sultan of Brunei, ordered Pangeran Muda Hashim in 1839 to restore order and it was during this time that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brooke" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brooke" rel="nofollow">James Brooke</a> arrived in Sarawak. Pangeran Muda Hashim initially requested assistance but James Brooke refused. In 1841, James Brooke paid another visit to Sarawak and this time he agreed to assist. Pangeran Muda Hashim signed a treaty in 1841 surrendering Sarawak and Sinian to James Brooke. Thereafter, on 24 September 1841, Pangeran Muda Hashim bestowed the title Governor to James Brooke. He effectively became the Rajah of Sarawak and founded the White Rajah Dynasty of Sarawak, later extending his administration through an agreement with the Sultan of Brunei.</p><p><br /></p><p>Brooke was appointed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja" rel="nofollow">Rajah</a> by the Sultan of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" rel="nofollow">Brunei</a> on August 18, 1842; originally this territory was just the western end of later Sarawak, around <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching" rel="nofollow">Kuching</a>. He ruled Sarawak until his death in 1868. His nephew <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawak" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawak" rel="nofollow">Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke</a> became Rajah after his death; he was succeeded on his death in 1917 by his son, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brooke" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brooke" rel="nofollow">Charles Vyner Brooke</a>, with a provision that Charles should rule in consultation with his brother <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Willes_Dayrell_Brooke" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Willes_Dayrell_Brooke" rel="nofollow">Bertram Brooke</a><a href="http://www.sarawak.com.my/travel_features/bk_review/brooke.html" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.sarawak.com.my/travel_features/bk_review/brooke.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a>. The territory was greatly expanded under the Brooke dynasty, mostly at the expense of areas nominally under the control of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" rel="nofollow">Brunei</a>. In practice <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" rel="nofollow">Brunei</a> had only controlled strategic river and coastal forts in much of the lost territory, and so most of the gain was at the expense of Muslim warlords and of the de facto independence of local tribes.</p><p> The Brooke dynasty ruled Sarawak for a hundred years and became famous as the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rajahs" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rajahs" rel="nofollow">White Rajahs</a>", accorded a status within the British Empire similar to that of the rulers of Indian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state" rel="nofollow">princely states</a>. In contrast to many other areas of the empire, however, the Brooke dynasty was intent on a policy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalism" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalism" rel="nofollow">paternalism</a> to protect the indigenous population against exploitation. They governed with the aid of the Muslim Malay and enlisted the Ibans and other "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_people" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_people" rel="nofollow">Dayak</a>" as a contingent militia. They also encouraged the immigration of Chinese merchants but forbade the Chinese to settle outside of towns in order to minimize the impact on the Dayak way of life. They also established the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_Museum" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_Museum" rel="nofollow">Sarawak Museum</a>, the first museum in Borneo.</p><p> In the early part of 1941 preparations were afoot to introduce a new constitution, designed to limit the power of the Rajah and give the people of Sarawak a greater say in government. Despite this democratic intention, the draft constitution contained defects and improprieties, not least by reason of a secret agreement drawn up between Charles Vyner Brooke and his top government officials, by which he was to be financially compensated for this gesture out of treasury funds.[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" rel="nofollow">citation needed</a></i>]</p><p> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" rel="nofollow">Japan</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_%281941-42%29" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_%281941-42%29" rel="nofollow">invaded Sarawak</a> and occupied the island of Borneo in 1941, occupying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miri" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miri" rel="nofollow">Miri</a> on December 16 and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching" rel="nofollow">Kuching</a> on December 24, and held it for the duration of World War II until the area was secured by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" rel="nofollow">Australian</a> forces in 1945. The Rajah, Charles Vyner Brooke, formally ceded sovereignty to the British Crown on July 1, 1946, under pressure from his wife among others. In addition the British Government offered a healthy pension to sweeten the negotiations. His nephew <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Brooke" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Brooke" rel="nofollow">Anthony</a> continued to claim sovereignty as Rajah of Sarawak.</p><p> After the end of the Second World War, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Brooke" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Brooke" rel="nofollow">Anthony Brooke</a> then opposed the cession of the Rajah's territory to the British Crown, and was associated with anti-secessionist groups in Sarawak. Anthony was banished from the country. He was allowed to return only seventeen years later, when Sarawak became part of the Federation of Malaysia. Sarawak became a British colony (formerly an independent state under British protection) in July 1946, but Brooke's campaign continued. The Malays in particular resisted the cession to Britain, dramatically assassinating the first British governor.</p><p> Sarawak was officially granted independence on July 22, 1963,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak#cite_note-Sarawak_independence-0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak#cite_note-Sarawak_independence-0" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> and was admitted into the federation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" rel="nofollow">Malaysia</a> on September 16, 1963, to the initial opposition from parts of the population. Sarawak was also a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashpoint_%28politics%29" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashpoint_%28politics%29" rel="nofollow">flashpoint</a> during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Confrontation" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Confrontation" rel="nofollow">Indonesian Confrontation</a> between 1962 and 1966.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Sourse: Wikipedia.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="Siberian Man, post: 884575, member: 22500"][B]Sarawak[/B] is one of two [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"]Malaysian[/URL] states on the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"]island[/URL] of [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"]Borneo[/URL]. Known as [I]Bumi Kenyalang[/I] ("Land of the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbill"]Hornbills[/URL]"), it is situated on the north-west of the island. It is the largest state in Malaysia; the second largest, [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"]Sabah[/URL], lies to the northeast. The administrative capital is [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching"]Kuching[/URL] which has a [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"]population[/URL] of 579,900. The eastern seaboard of Borneo had been charted (though never settled) by the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"]Portuguese[/URL] in the early 16th century. The area of today's Sarawak was known to Portuguese cartographers as [B]Cerava[/B]. Sarawak had been a loosely governed territory under the control of the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"]Brunei[/URL] Sultanate in the early 19th century, although for a brief time in the early 17th century Sarawak was self-governed under its first and last Sultan, Sultan Tengah. During the reign of Pangeran Indera Mahkota in 19th century, Sarawak was in chaos [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_needed"]citation needed[/URL]. Sultan [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_II"]Omar Ali Saifuddin II[/URL] (1827–1852), the Sultan of Brunei, ordered Pangeran Muda Hashim in 1839 to restore order and it was during this time that [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brooke"]James Brooke[/URL] arrived in Sarawak. Pangeran Muda Hashim initially requested assistance but James Brooke refused. In 1841, James Brooke paid another visit to Sarawak and this time he agreed to assist. Pangeran Muda Hashim signed a treaty in 1841 surrendering Sarawak and Sinian to James Brooke. Thereafter, on 24 September 1841, Pangeran Muda Hashim bestowed the title Governor to James Brooke. He effectively became the Rajah of Sarawak and founded the White Rajah Dynasty of Sarawak, later extending his administration through an agreement with the Sultan of Brunei. Brooke was appointed [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja"]Rajah[/URL] by the Sultan of [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"]Brunei[/URL] on August 18, 1842; originally this territory was just the western end of later Sarawak, around [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching"]Kuching[/URL]. He ruled Sarawak until his death in 1868. His nephew [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawak"]Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke[/URL] became Rajah after his death; he was succeeded on his death in 1917 by his son, [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brooke"]Charles Vyner Brooke[/URL], with a provision that Charles should rule in consultation with his brother [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Willes_Dayrell_Brooke"]Bertram Brooke[/URL][URL="http://www.sarawak.com.my/travel_features/bk_review/brooke.html"][1][/URL]. The territory was greatly expanded under the Brooke dynasty, mostly at the expense of areas nominally under the control of [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"]Brunei[/URL]. In practice [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"]Brunei[/URL] had only controlled strategic river and coastal forts in much of the lost territory, and so most of the gain was at the expense of Muslim warlords and of the de facto independence of local tribes. The Brooke dynasty ruled Sarawak for a hundred years and became famous as the "[URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rajahs"]White Rajahs[/URL]", accorded a status within the British Empire similar to that of the rulers of Indian [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state"]princely states[/URL]. In contrast to many other areas of the empire, however, the Brooke dynasty was intent on a policy of [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalism"]paternalism[/URL] to protect the indigenous population against exploitation. They governed with the aid of the Muslim Malay and enlisted the Ibans and other "[URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_people"]Dayak[/URL]" as a contingent militia. They also encouraged the immigration of Chinese merchants but forbade the Chinese to settle outside of towns in order to minimize the impact on the Dayak way of life. They also established the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_Museum"]Sarawak Museum[/URL], the first museum in Borneo. In the early part of 1941 preparations were afoot to introduce a new constitution, designed to limit the power of the Rajah and give the people of Sarawak a greater say in government. Despite this democratic intention, the draft constitution contained defects and improprieties, not least by reason of a secret agreement drawn up between Charles Vyner Brooke and his top government officials, by which he was to be financially compensated for this gesture out of treasury funds.[[I][URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"]citation needed[/URL][/I]] [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"]Japan[/URL] [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_%281941-42%29"]invaded Sarawak[/URL] and occupied the island of Borneo in 1941, occupying [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miri"]Miri[/URL] on December 16 and [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching"]Kuching[/URL] on December 24, and held it for the duration of World War II until the area was secured by [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"]Australian[/URL] forces in 1945. The Rajah, Charles Vyner Brooke, formally ceded sovereignty to the British Crown on July 1, 1946, under pressure from his wife among others. In addition the British Government offered a healthy pension to sweeten the negotiations. His nephew [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Brooke"]Anthony[/URL] continued to claim sovereignty as Rajah of Sarawak. After the end of the Second World War, [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Brooke"]Anthony Brooke[/URL] then opposed the cession of the Rajah's territory to the British Crown, and was associated with anti-secessionist groups in Sarawak. Anthony was banished from the country. He was allowed to return only seventeen years later, when Sarawak became part of the Federation of Malaysia. Sarawak became a British colony (formerly an independent state under British protection) in July 1946, but Brooke's campaign continued. The Malays in particular resisted the cession to Britain, dramatically assassinating the first British governor. Sarawak was officially granted independence on July 22, 1963,[URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak#cite_note-Sarawak_independence-0"][1][/URL] and was admitted into the federation of [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"]Malaysia[/URL] on September 16, 1963, to the initial opposition from parts of the population. Sarawak was also a [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashpoint_%28politics%29"]flashpoint[/URL] during the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Confrontation"]Indonesian Confrontation[/URL] between 1962 and 1966. Sourse: Wikipedia.[/QUOTE]
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