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Raymond III of Tripoli and the Crusader "campgate"
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<p>[QUOTE="seth77, post: 3300353, member: 56653"]Raymond III is one of the most important figures in the Crusader States. He was Count of Tripoli from 1152 to his death in 1187, served twice as <i>baillie</i> for the Kingdom of Jerusalem, first for Baldwin IV (1174-1176) and then for Baldwin V (1185-1186), was Prince of Galilee by jus uxoris between 1174 until his death in 1187, and Lord of Beirut (cca. 1185-1186/7).</p><p><br /></p><p>In 1164 he participated in a campaign against the Zengids, which ended in disaster at Harim, where he was captured alongside the Prince of Antioch, the titular Count Joscelin III of Edessa, Hugo VIII de Lusignan and his knights and the military envoys of Constantinople. With Raymond captive in Aleppo, Tripoli was ruled by Amalric, the King of Jerusalem, who acted as <i>baillie</i> in the count's name.</p><p><br /></p><p>Released in 1173 after paying a large ransom, Raymond quickly got a hold of his county and in 1174 he extended his influence to Jerusalem, where he became regent for the young Leper King.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]874082[/ATTACH]</p><p><font size="3">The seal of Raymond III as Count of Trripoli, cca. mid 1170s.</font></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>After being released and getting back in charge in Tripoli, the earlier copper coinage minted while Amalric was regent, to circulate with the billon <i>denier</i> -- the <i>pougeoise raymondin</i> with crescent and star -- was discontinued and a new type was put into circulation:</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]874084[/ATTACH]</p><p><font size="3">Raymondin type pougeoise minted under the regency of Amalric, cca. 1165.</font></p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]874085[/ATTACH]</p><p><font size="3">New pougeoise "Castle copper" type, minted under the direct authority of Raymond, cca. 1173/4-1187.</font></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>This "castle coppers" type appeared around 1173 and was kept in circulation and was struck by different counts of Tripoli up until the 1240s. The earlier specimens though (like the one above) are easy to distinguish thanks to their full flans, fine style lettering and good engraving of the design and devices. The campgate is most likely a simplification of the stronghold of Tripoli, as presented on the seal of Raymond (see above). It is also reminiscent of the famous campgate coinages of the Tetrarchy and the Constantinian era.</p><p><br /></p><p>By the 1230s, under the direct influence of the Genoese merchants and navy (a tendency that manifested itself throughout the whole eastern Levantine coast) the "campgate" became less of a campgate and more of a Genoese tower:</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]874088[/ATTACH]</p><p><font size="3">Denaro of Genova, cca. 13th century.</font></p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]874092[/ATTACH]</p><p><font size="3">Copper pougeoise of the late type, minted under Bohemond V of Antioch, as Count of Tripoli, cca. 1235-1240.</font></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The "campgate" design might have also been borrowed for the use on other items, like for instance on <i>tesserae mercantile</i> or gate tokens:</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]874096[/ATTACH]</p><p><font size="3">Tessera mercantile or gate token, Tripoli or an Italian community in the Crusader Levant, probably 13th century. BO could stand for Bohemond, perhaps Bohemond "le Borgne" or Bohemond V of Antioch.</font></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>As Prince of Galilee, Raymond III was one the richest barons of the realm and his position was strong enough to make peace by himself with Saladin and oppose the King of Jerusalem. His enmity towards Guy de Lusignan, who was crowned by Sibylla and accepted by the Haute Cour in 1186, was put aside only after intense diplomacy by the Ibelin brothers and the high prelates of Nazareth and Tyre. In early summer 1187, under the pressure of continuous encroachment by Saladin, the total disregard for peace and the conditions of that peace by Saladin's troops in Galilee and the ever present possibility of a full invasion, Raymond denounced the truce he had with him and did homage to Guy.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]874104[/ATTACH]</p><p><font size="3">To the right, Raymond III of Tripoli tries to save the True Cross, alongside Guy de Lusignan, during the battle at Hattin, according to Matthew Paris, Chronica majora, fol 279.</font></p><p><br /></p><p>In the attempt to free Tiberias in Galilee from Saladin's invasion, which resulted in the disaster at the Horns of Hattin, the Crusader army was crushed. Together with Reynald of Sidon, Baldwin and Balian d'Ibelin, Joscelin III of Edessa and one of the d'Embriaco brothers of Gibelet, Raymond breaks the encirclement of Saladin's troops and escapes the slaughter.</p><p><br /></p><p>Hearing of the disaster, Eschiva de Bures, Raymond's wife and Princess of Galilee, surrenders Tiberias and flees to meet Raymond in Tyre.</p><p><br /></p><p>They would reach Tripoli eventually, where he would die soon after, around the time that Jerusalem fell to Saladin. With no children of their own, Raymond leaves Tripoli to Raymond of Antioch, his godson and Bohemond III's son. The Principality of Galilee is lost with the surrender of Tiberias, but the titulature passes to the family of Saint Omer.</p><p><br /></p><p>A Raymond-like character, loosely based on historical facts and played by Jeremy Irons, appears in the movie Kingdom of Heaven as "Tiberias" -- apparently because the producers of the movie decided that they couldn't have both a Reynald and a Raymond in the same movie because the two names sound too much alike.</p><p><br /></p><p>If true, this says a lot about the way these movie people regard the attention span of the movie goers.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="seth77, post: 3300353, member: 56653"]Raymond III is one of the most important figures in the Crusader States. He was Count of Tripoli from 1152 to his death in 1187, served twice as [I]baillie[/I] for the Kingdom of Jerusalem, first for Baldwin IV (1174-1176) and then for Baldwin V (1185-1186), was Prince of Galilee by jus uxoris between 1174 until his death in 1187, and Lord of Beirut (cca. 1185-1186/7). In 1164 he participated in a campaign against the Zengids, which ended in disaster at Harim, where he was captured alongside the Prince of Antioch, the titular Count Joscelin III of Edessa, Hugo VIII de Lusignan and his knights and the military envoys of Constantinople. With Raymond captive in Aleppo, Tripoli was ruled by Amalric, the King of Jerusalem, who acted as [I]baillie[/I] in the count's name. Released in 1173 after paying a large ransom, Raymond quickly got a hold of his county and in 1174 he extended his influence to Jerusalem, where he became regent for the young Leper King. [ATTACH=full]874082[/ATTACH] [SIZE=3]The seal of Raymond III as Count of Trripoli, cca. mid 1170s.[/SIZE] After being released and getting back in charge in Tripoli, the earlier copper coinage minted while Amalric was regent, to circulate with the billon [I]denier[/I] -- the [I]pougeoise raymondin[/I] with crescent and star -- was discontinued and a new type was put into circulation: [ATTACH=full]874084[/ATTACH] [SIZE=3]Raymondin type pougeoise minted under the regency of Amalric, cca. 1165.[/SIZE] [ATTACH=full]874085[/ATTACH] [SIZE=3]New pougeoise "Castle copper" type, minted under the direct authority of Raymond, cca. 1173/4-1187.[/SIZE] This "castle coppers" type appeared around 1173 and was kept in circulation and was struck by different counts of Tripoli up until the 1240s. The earlier specimens though (like the one above) are easy to distinguish thanks to their full flans, fine style lettering and good engraving of the design and devices. The campgate is most likely a simplification of the stronghold of Tripoli, as presented on the seal of Raymond (see above). It is also reminiscent of the famous campgate coinages of the Tetrarchy and the Constantinian era. By the 1230s, under the direct influence of the Genoese merchants and navy (a tendency that manifested itself throughout the whole eastern Levantine coast) the "campgate" became less of a campgate and more of a Genoese tower: [ATTACH=full]874088[/ATTACH] [SIZE=3]Denaro of Genova, cca. 13th century.[/SIZE] [ATTACH=full]874092[/ATTACH] [SIZE=3]Copper pougeoise of the late type, minted under Bohemond V of Antioch, as Count of Tripoli, cca. 1235-1240.[/SIZE] The "campgate" design might have also been borrowed for the use on other items, like for instance on [I]tesserae mercantile[/I] or gate tokens: [ATTACH=full]874096[/ATTACH] [SIZE=3]Tessera mercantile or gate token, Tripoli or an Italian community in the Crusader Levant, probably 13th century. BO could stand for Bohemond, perhaps Bohemond "le Borgne" or Bohemond V of Antioch.[/SIZE] As Prince of Galilee, Raymond III was one the richest barons of the realm and his position was strong enough to make peace by himself with Saladin and oppose the King of Jerusalem. His enmity towards Guy de Lusignan, who was crowned by Sibylla and accepted by the Haute Cour in 1186, was put aside only after intense diplomacy by the Ibelin brothers and the high prelates of Nazareth and Tyre. In early summer 1187, under the pressure of continuous encroachment by Saladin, the total disregard for peace and the conditions of that peace by Saladin's troops in Galilee and the ever present possibility of a full invasion, Raymond denounced the truce he had with him and did homage to Guy. [ATTACH=full]874104[/ATTACH] [SIZE=3]To the right, Raymond III of Tripoli tries to save the True Cross, alongside Guy de Lusignan, during the battle at Hattin, according to Matthew Paris, Chronica majora, fol 279.[/SIZE] In the attempt to free Tiberias in Galilee from Saladin's invasion, which resulted in the disaster at the Horns of Hattin, the Crusader army was crushed. Together with Reynald of Sidon, Baldwin and Balian d'Ibelin, Joscelin III of Edessa and one of the d'Embriaco brothers of Gibelet, Raymond breaks the encirclement of Saladin's troops and escapes the slaughter. Hearing of the disaster, Eschiva de Bures, Raymond's wife and Princess of Galilee, surrenders Tiberias and flees to meet Raymond in Tyre. They would reach Tripoli eventually, where he would die soon after, around the time that Jerusalem fell to Saladin. With no children of their own, Raymond leaves Tripoli to Raymond of Antioch, his godson and Bohemond III's son. The Principality of Galilee is lost with the surrender of Tiberias, but the titulature passes to the family of Saint Omer. A Raymond-like character, loosely based on historical facts and played by Jeremy Irons, appears in the movie Kingdom of Heaven as "Tiberias" -- apparently because the producers of the movie decided that they couldn't have both a Reynald and a Raymond in the same movie because the two names sound too much alike. If true, this says a lot about the way these movie people regard the attention span of the movie goers.[/QUOTE]
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