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<p>[QUOTE="Parthicus Maximus, post: 3568086, member: 102867"]<b>The Gallic Empire</b></p><p>The period of the Gallic empire is very interesting for several reasons. It was the longest and most successful ursurpation that took place. Moreover, good sources are scarce over this period.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>The beginning of the uprising</b></p><p>During the second half of the 50s in the third century. There was much unrest in the provinces on the Rhine. Various tribes including the Franks and the Juthingi plundered Germania and Gaul. Gallienus regularly beats the invaders as this coin proves.</p><p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Gallienus_AR_Antoninianus_257_770388.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Around 259 Gallienus was confronted with various ursurpations and raids. That meant he had to shift his attention.</p><p>The tribes clearly understood that the emperor was leaving because in 259 or 260 they undertook their biggest looting. They even plundered Tarragona in Spain. The looters, however, were awaited by a certain Postumus during their retreat. Probably this happened in the south of what is now the Netherlands. The looters were then defeated. We actually know very little about Postumus. But he was probably governor.</p><p>After the victory, the troops moved to Cologne. Gallienus' son Saloninus stayed there. He claimed the loot for himself. This made the soldiers furious and they killed Saloninus and his counselor Silvanus. They then proclaimed Postumus emperor.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>The reign of Postumus</b></p><p>Postumus then had coins minted. These are the two coins from the first issue in which Postumus uses reverse sides to identify itself as an emperor. The upper coin recalls the victory over the Juthingi and Franks. The lower coin shows the river god rhine, this refers to the fact that Postumus has stopped the danger from the other side of the rhine.</p><p><img src="http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant85.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><img src="http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant74.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p>Over the years until his death, we must focus primarily on the coins. because we hardly have any written sources about his life. In the second issue, there are mainly many coins with Hercules on the reverse, such as this one.</p><p><img src="http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant18.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p>Hercules is the most common on all sides on Postumus coins. This indicates that Postumus Hercules found an important god.</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant35.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>The following coin shows a galley. possibly this backside refers to a journey from Postumus to Britain. Another possibility is that it refers to an expedition across the Rhine.</p><p><br /></p><p>In 266, Gallienus attacked the Gallic Empire. the reverse side shows the loyalty of the soldiers.</p><p><img src="http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant11.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>Gallienus fell ill during this campaign. That's why he had to give up the fight. Possibly this reverse side with Asclepius on it refers to the fact that Gallienus was sick and Postumus was healthy. So the gods were with Postumus and not with Gallienus.</p><p><img src="http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant69.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>Around 268 Postumus had to devalue the coins. We do not sure what the reason is for this.</p><p><img src="http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant34.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>The revolt of Laelianus</b></p><p>At the beginning of 269 Postumus was confronted with a large-scale uprising. Laelian, a high-ranking man, revolted. we actually know nothing about his further function or role. more can be said about the cause of the uprising. A gold Aureus of Laelianus shows Hispania. it has long been thought that this refers to Laelianus origin. but actually there is no evidence for that. A recent idea is that Hispania did not separate itself from the Gallic empire after the death of Laelianus. but as early as 268. this could also explain the devaluation of Postumus coins. The golden Aureus therefore wants to refer to the fact that Hispania is lost. And to ensure that the empire does not crumble further, Laelianus must take over the power of Postumus.</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/laur1.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>The power of Postumus began to decline in 268. That is why he had these coins minted at the beginning of 269. this coin below refers to the fact that Postumus reigned for almost ten years.</p><p><img src="http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant57.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p>In the spring of 269 Postumus defeated Laelianus near Mainz. Laelianus was killed there. The troops asked Postumus if they could plunder the city. however, he did not allow them this. When they heard that, they became furious and they killed Postumus.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Where struck Postumus his coins?</b></p><p>Where Postumus had coins minted has long been debated. some mention Lyon but that mint was not active during this period. A newer insight mentions Cologne as the only mint, but this too may not be correct given the large stylistic differences. a recent study what I read is thinking of two mints. The most important was Trier and the other Cologne. Cologne was the capital, but that does not mean that it was also the most important mint. Postumus coins are divided into two types. type I and type II. From type II, much more coins were found in the Cologne area than in other treasures. this implies that Cologne was type II. Type II, however, was only made from 268. This means that up to 268 all Postumus coins were minted in Trier.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>The Gallic empire</b></p><p><b><br /></b></p><p><img src="https://imperialromanhistory.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/2/2/15220826/5262254_orig.gif?393" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><font size="3">the blue part is the Gallic Empire</font></p><p><font size="3"><br /></font></p><p><font size="3"><br /></font></p><p><font size="2">Photos of coins come from <a href="http://www.gallic-empire.com" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.gallic-empire.com" rel="nofollow">www.gallic-empire.com</a></font>[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="Parthicus Maximus, post: 3568086, member: 102867"][B]The Gallic Empire[/B] The period of the Gallic empire is very interesting for several reasons. It was the longest and most successful ursurpation that took place. Moreover, good sources are scarce over this period. [B]The beginning of the uprising[/B] During the second half of the 50s in the third century. There was much unrest in the provinces on the Rhine. Various tribes including the Franks and the Juthingi plundered Germania and Gaul. Gallienus regularly beats the invaders as this coin proves. [IMG]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Gallienus_AR_Antoninianus_257_770388.jpg[/IMG] Around 259 Gallienus was confronted with various ursurpations and raids. That meant he had to shift his attention. The tribes clearly understood that the emperor was leaving because in 259 or 260 they undertook their biggest looting. They even plundered Tarragona in Spain. The looters, however, were awaited by a certain Postumus during their retreat. Probably this happened in the south of what is now the Netherlands. The looters were then defeated. We actually know very little about Postumus. But he was probably governor. After the victory, the troops moved to Cologne. Gallienus' son Saloninus stayed there. He claimed the loot for himself. This made the soldiers furious and they killed Saloninus and his counselor Silvanus. They then proclaimed Postumus emperor. [B]The reign of Postumus[/B] Postumus then had coins minted. These are the two coins from the first issue in which Postumus uses reverse sides to identify itself as an emperor. The upper coin recalls the victory over the Juthingi and Franks. The lower coin shows the river god rhine, this refers to the fact that Postumus has stopped the danger from the other side of the rhine. [IMG]http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant85.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant74.jpg[/IMG] Over the years until his death, we must focus primarily on the coins. because we hardly have any written sources about his life. In the second issue, there are mainly many coins with Hercules on the reverse, such as this one. [IMG]http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant18.jpg[/IMG] Hercules is the most common on all sides on Postumus coins. This indicates that Postumus Hercules found an important god. [IMG]http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant35.jpg[/IMG] The following coin shows a galley. possibly this backside refers to a journey from Postumus to Britain. Another possibility is that it refers to an expedition across the Rhine. In 266, Gallienus attacked the Gallic Empire. the reverse side shows the loyalty of the soldiers. [IMG]http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant11.jpg[/IMG] Gallienus fell ill during this campaign. That's why he had to give up the fight. Possibly this reverse side with Asclepius on it refers to the fact that Gallienus was sick and Postumus was healthy. So the gods were with Postumus and not with Gallienus. [IMG]http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant69.jpg[/IMG] Around 268 Postumus had to devalue the coins. We do not sure what the reason is for this. [IMG]http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant34.jpg[/IMG] [B]The revolt of Laelianus[/B] At the beginning of 269 Postumus was confronted with a large-scale uprising. Laelian, a high-ranking man, revolted. we actually know nothing about his further function or role. more can be said about the cause of the uprising. A gold Aureus of Laelianus shows Hispania. it has long been thought that this refers to Laelianus origin. but actually there is no evidence for that. A recent idea is that Hispania did not separate itself from the Gallic empire after the death of Laelianus. but as early as 268. this could also explain the devaluation of Postumus coins. The golden Aureus therefore wants to refer to the fact that Hispania is lost. And to ensure that the empire does not crumble further, Laelianus must take over the power of Postumus. [IMG]http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/laur1.jpg[/IMG] The power of Postumus began to decline in 268. That is why he had these coins minted at the beginning of 269. this coin below refers to the fact that Postumus reigned for almost ten years. [IMG]http://gallic-empire.com/bilder/pant57.jpg[/IMG] In the spring of 269 Postumus defeated Laelianus near Mainz. Laelianus was killed there. The troops asked Postumus if they could plunder the city. however, he did not allow them this. When they heard that, they became furious and they killed Postumus. [B]Where struck Postumus his coins?[/B] Where Postumus had coins minted has long been debated. some mention Lyon but that mint was not active during this period. A newer insight mentions Cologne as the only mint, but this too may not be correct given the large stylistic differences. a recent study what I read is thinking of two mints. The most important was Trier and the other Cologne. Cologne was the capital, but that does not mean that it was also the most important mint. Postumus coins are divided into two types. type I and type II. From type II, much more coins were found in the Cologne area than in other treasures. this implies that Cologne was type II. Type II, however, was only made from 268. This means that up to 268 all Postumus coins were minted in Trier. [B]The Gallic empire [/B] [IMG]https://imperialromanhistory.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/2/2/15220826/5262254_orig.gif?393[/IMG] [SIZE=3]the blue part is the Gallic Empire [/SIZE] [SIZE=2]Photos of coins come from [URL='http://www.gallic-empire.com']www.gallic-empire.com[/URL][/SIZE][/QUOTE]
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