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Netherlands WWII

Netherlands - 10 Cent - 1941 - KM #173



Netherlands - 25 Cent - 1941 - KM #174

 

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Belgium WWI

Germany invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg as part of the Schlieffen Plan, trying to take Paris quickly and catch the French off guard by invading through neutral countries. It was this action that technically caused the British to enter the war, as they were still bound by the 1839 agreement to protect Belgium in the event of a war. After four years of occupation, Belgium emerged ruined at the end of World War I. The king returned from Yser, the sliver of territory he controlled throughout the war, leading the victorious army and acclaimed by the population. In 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles the area of Eupen-Malmedy, along with Prussian Moresnet, was transferred from Germany to Belgium. Neutral Moresnet was transferred to Belgium as well. An opportunity was given to the population to "protest" against the transfer by signing a register, which gathered few signatures. The Vennbahn railway was also transferred to Belgium. Two former German colonies, Rwanda and Burundi, were mandated to Belgium by the League of Nations.





Belgium - 5 Centimes - 1916 - KM #80



Belgium - 10 Centimes - 1916 - KM #81

 

Belgium WWI

Belgium - 25 Centimes - 1916 - KM #812



Belgium - 50 Centimes - 1918 - KM #83

 

Switzerland WWII

No European country remained truly neutral during WWII. Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland all worked to some extent with the Axis. In Switzerland, the people who lived through the war wanted to believe that it was their army and fortifications that kept the Nazis out. Historical research and documents clearly show that if the Nazis wanted to invade Switzerland, it would have been quick and relatively easy. The reason Germany spared its tiny neighbor to the south was because Switzerland proved much more useful as an independent state than as a satellite. The Swiss made many useful weapon components (aluminium for the Luftwaffe, spark plugs for jeeps taken from the Russians, timing devices for bombs, among other things), and thus their factories were not bombed every night. The Swiss National bank bought gold from the Reichsbank, the Reichsbank was given Swiss francs in exchange, and used them to buy cobalt, nickel and tungsten from the other “neutral” countries. The Turks, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish, who were all under heavy pressure from the Allies not to accept direct gold payment from the Reichsbank, then exchanged the Swiss francs for gold. The problem was that the German gold came from the Belgian National bank reserves (not from concentration camps as some sensationalists would have it) and the neutrals knew it. Finally, the Swiss allowed trains to carry food and non-weapon supplies from Germany to Italy, with dozens of trains every day on their way to Africa. Totally surrounded by the Axis, most of its coal supply came from Germany every week, and all of its exports had to go through Axis controlled territory. For a landlocked country with no natural resources, this meant the Swiss had to work out some form of accomodation with their neighbors.





Switzerland - 1 Rappen - 1944 B - KM #3a



Switzerland - 2 Rappen - 1944 B - KM #4.2b

 

France WWII

In 1938, France joined Great Britain in an attempt to appease Nazi aggression. France signed the Munich Pact and helped give Germany "permission" to invade the Sudeten territories of Czechoslovakia. It was soon clear that this attempt at appeasement failed.
After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France declared war.
France's war against Germany did not last long. On June 22, 1940, France surrendered to Germany.
France was occupied by the Germans until 1944. June 6 of that year was D-Day. A massive Allied force invaded the beaches of Normandy.
Through the summer and fall, the Allies pushed eastward through France towards Germany. In August, Allied troops also landed in the South of France.






France - 10 Centimes - 1941 - KM #896



France - 10 Centimes - .1941. - KM #897

 

Germany WWII

Germany - 1 Reichs Pfennig - 1943 D - KM #97


Germany - 5 Reichs Pfennig - 1941 A - KM #100

 

Germany WWII & Germany WWI Notgeld

Germany - 10 Reichs Pfennig - 1942 A - KM #101



Germany, City of Hof - 10 Kleingelder Satzmarke - 1918 - T #206.2

 

Bolivia WWII

Bolivia was one of many Latin American countries to declare war on Germany later on in the war, joining the Allies on 7 April 1943. It was the only country to declare war in 1943. Shortly after war was declared, the President of Bolivia, Enrique Peñaranda, was overthrown in a coup. The new ruler, Gualberto Villarroel, had fascist leanings, but foreign pressure compelled him to remain at war and to suppress his more extreme pro-Nazi supporters. Bolivian mines supplied needed tin to the Allies, but with no coastline, the landlocked country did not send troops or warplanes overseas.





Bolivia - 20 Centavos - 1942 - Zinc

 

Peru

In the first post-World War II decades, Peru achieved an above-average rate of growth with low levels of inflation and with rising exports of its diversified primary products. Output per capita grew 2.9 percent a year in the decade of the 1950s and then 3.2 percent annually in the first half of the 1960s, compared with the regional growth rate of 2.0 percent for these fifteen years. As of 1960, income per capita was 17 percent above the median for Latin American countries. However, since the mid1960s the economy has run into increasing difficulties. Output per capita failed to grow at all from 1965 to 1988, then fell below its 1965 level in 1989 and 1990. The previously moderate rate of inflation accelerated, balance of payments deficits became a chronic problem, and the country accumulated a deep external debt. As poverty worsened, political violence in the countryside and cities grew increasingly intense. The economy and the society as a whole seemed to lose coherence and any sense of direction.





Peru - 1 Centavo - 1961


Peru - 2 Centavos - 1955

 

Serbia WWII & Yugoslavia Post WWII

In April 1941, Germany and its allies invaded and occupied Yugoslavia. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was then partitioned. Some Yugoslav territory was annexed by its Axis neighbors, Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria and Italy. The Germans engineered and supported the creation of the new puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), which roughly comprised most of the pre-war Banovina Croatia, along with rest of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and some adjacent territory. The Italians, Hungarians and Bulgarians occupied other parts of Yugoslavian territory. Germany occupied northern parts of present-day Slovenia and northern parts of the Independent State of Croatia. The German-occupied part of present-day Slovenia was annexed by Germany and was divided into two administrative areas that were placed under the administration of Gauleitersin Austria. The remaining territory, which consisted of Serbia proper, the northern part of Kosovo (around Kosovska Mitrovica), and the Banat was placed under a German government of military occupation and military administration.





Serbia - 2 Dinara - 1942 - KM #32



The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was proclaimed in 1943 by the Partisans resistance movement during World War II. It was renamed to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, when a communist government was established. In 1963, it was renamed again to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). This was the largest Yugoslav state, as Istria, Rijeka and Zadar were added to the new Yugoslavia after the end of World War II.

Yugoslavia - 50 Para - 1945 - KM #25

 

Is this a zinc cent? or steel?
Thanks.

 

Yugoslavia Post WWII

The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was proclaimed in 1943 by the Partisans resistance movement during World War II. It was renamed to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, when a communist government was established. In 1963, it was renamed again to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). This was the largest Yugoslav state, as Istria, Rijeka and Zadar were added to the new Yugoslavia after the end of World War II. On 29 November 1945, while still in exile, King Peter II was deposed by Yugoslavia's Constituent Assembly. However, he refused to abdicate. On 31 January 1946, the new constitution of Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, modeled after the Soviet Union, established six republics, an autonomous province, and an autonomous district that were part of SR Serbia.





Yugoslavia - 2 Dinara - 1945 - KM #27


Yugoslavia - 5 Dinara - 1945 - KM #28

 

:rollling: Belgium during Nazi occupation.

 

Zinc, as I know...

 

Lincoln Zinc coated Steel Cent (from Wikipedia)



"Due to wartime needs of copper for use in ammunition and other military equipment during World War II, including windings for massive uranium gas separation magnets as part of the Manhattan Project, the United States Mint researched various ways to limit dependence and meet conservation goals on copper usage. After trying out several substitutes (ranging from other metals[SUP][1][/SUP] to plastics[SUP][2][/SUP]) to replace the then-standard bronze alloy, the one-cent coin was minted in zinc-coated steel. It was struck at all three mints: Philadelphia,Denver, and San Francisco. Coins from the latter two sites have respectively "D" and "S" mintmarks below the date.
However, problems began to arise from the mintage. Freshly minted, they were often mistaken for dimes. Magnets in vending machines(which took copper cents) placed to pick up steel slugs also picked up the legitimate steel cents. Because the galvanization process didn't cover the edges of the coins, sweat would quickly rust the metal. After public outcry, the Mint developed a process whereby salvaged brass shell casings were augmented with pure copper to produce an alloy close to the 1941–42 composition. This was used for 1944–46-dated cents, after which the prewar composition was resumed. Although they continued to circulate in the 1960s, the mint collected large numbers of the 1943 cents and destroyed them.[SUP][3][/SUP]
The steel cent is the only regular-issue United States coin that can be picked up with a magnet. The steel cent was also the only coin issued by the United States for circulation that does not contain any copper.[SUP][4][/SUP] (Even U.S. gold coins at various times contained from slightly over 2% copper to an eventual standard 10% copper)."

 

Cleaning zinc coins

Here's some tips from Metal Detecting World:

http://metaldetectingworld.com/cleaning_coin_p19_zinc_tin.shtml

 

1 Reichspfennig (Zink), 1942 J, Reichsadler mit Hakenkreuz [Schön 91, Jäger 369]

Clearly visible the beginning stages of corossion.

 

Bohemia and Moravia

The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was established on 16 March 1939 by proclamation of Adolf Hitler from Prague Castle following the declaration of establishment of the independent Slovak Republic on 14 March 1939. Bohemia and Moravia were autonomous Nazi-administered territories which the German government considered part of the Greater German Reich. The state's existence came to an end with the surrender of Germany to the Allies of World War II in 1945.





Bohemia & Moravia - 10 Haleru - 1941 - KM #1


Bohemia & Moravia - 20 Haleru - 1944 - KM #2

 

Bohemia and Moravia

Bohemia & Moravia - 50 Haleru - 1941 - KM #3



Bohemia & Moravia - 1 Koruna - 1942 - KM #4

 

Denmark WWII

Germany's occupation of Denmark began with Operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940, and lasted until German forces withdrew at the end of World War II following their surrender to the Allies on 5 May 1945. Contrary to the situation in other countries under German occupation, most Danish institutions continued to function relatively normally until 1943. Both the Danish government and king remained in the country in an uneasy relationship between a democratic and a totalitarian system until German authorities dissolved the government following a wave of strikes and sabotage.





Denmark - 1 Ore - 1942 NS - KM #832


Denmark - 2 Ore - 1943 NS - KM #833a