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<p>[QUOTE="Ocatarinetabellatchitchix, post: 4623105, member: 99554"]<span style="color: #ff0000">248 AD </span></p><p> Philip the Arab is emperor for almost 4 years. But the Danubian legions are tired of him; they rebelled and proclaimed their own emperor, a commander named <b>Pacatian.</b> He managed to control Upper Moesia for a very short period of time (a few weeks to a few months). Philip responded to the revolt by sending Decius to solve the problem. On the approach of Decius, <b>Pacatian </b>was killed by his own troops sometime between the spring of 248 AD and the first months of 249 AD. Later Decius was convinced by the legions in the region to claim the position of Emperor and march on Rome. He challenged Philip in Macedonia and defeated him becoming the first Balkan Emperor of Rome. For 300 years, this usurper was only known by his coinage. But at the beginning of the 20th century, research were made showing that Zosimus (460-520 AD) and Zonaras ( 1074-1130 AD) reported the revolt in their writings.</p><p><br /></p><p>Zosimus New history 1, 20: <i>Priscus, their governor, who was a man of an intolerably evil disposition, wished for innovation, and set up Papianus for emperor, while the inhabitants of Moesia and Pannonia were more inclined to Marinus.</i></p><p><br /></p><p>John Zonoras<i> HISTORIAE ROMANORUM EXCERPTA XII, 19 :</i></p><p><i>[ATTACH=full]1144376[/ATTACH] </i></p><p><br /></p><p>Pacatian's coins seem to have been struck in the Moesia region (Balkans). Viminacium is the most probable site for his mint, and there is a noticeable similarity of style if we compare with the local Aes coinage; but some scholars believe it is a bit strange that no provincials issues were produced there in his name... The usurper's coinage consists totally of antoniniani, most of which appear to have been overstruck over coins of other Emperors. Seven different reverses were used on the antoniniani of <b>Pacatian </b>: Concordia, Felicitas, Fides, Fortuna, Pax, Roma and Victory. One type even celebrates the 1001st anniversary of the founding of Rome :</p><p><b>ROMAE</b> <b>AETER</b>(nae) <b>AN</b>(no) <b>MILL</b>(esimo) <b>ET PRIMO </b> "The thousand and first year of Eternal Rome". This allows us to date the time of his rebellion around the end of 248 AD to the beginning of 249 AD. Now let's make a travel in time to find the re-discovery of this Emperor who disappear for almost 1450 years.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1144378[/ATTACH]</p><p><span style="color: #ff0000">1690</span></p><p>Father Etienne Chamillard, a zealous Jesuit, is the first collector who discovered a coin of the unknown Emperor <b>PACATIANVS</b>. He considered him as a Gallic Tyran ( he found it in the Pyrenees region in France) and made his antoninianus published by Andre Morel in 1695 ( <i>Specimen Universae Rei Nummariae Antiquae).</i> Around the same time, M.Rainsant, a doctor and guardian of "the Cabinet des Médailles " of the King in Versailles discovered another specimen of <b>Pacatian</b>'s coin.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1144381[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #ff0000">1718</span></p><p>Banduri included <b>Pacatian</b> in his <i>Numismata Imperatorum Romanorum, </i>but as an usurper of the times of Trajan Decius. Even if at the time the authenticity of the coinage of this ruler was doubtful, some other specimen were discovered and published by different collectors.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1144382[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #ff0000">1796</span></p><p>Eckhel in his <i>Doctrina Numorum Veterum </i>detected that the obverse legend has been misread for almost a hundred year : it should be read IMP <b>TI CL </b>MAR PACATIANVS and not IMP <b>T IVLIUS </b>MAR PACATIANVS</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1144383[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #ff0000">1801</span></p><p>In Langres (France) is found the first example of <b>Pacatian</b> with the reverse ROMAE AETER AN MILL ET PRIMO proving that he lived during the time of Decius and not that of Gallienus.</p><p><span style="color: #ff0000">1815</span></p><p>Mionnet in his <i>De la rareté et du prix des médailles romaines</i> described the 5 different reverses known in the great Collections of the beginning of the 19th century. Around this same time, coins with a new reverse of Providencia are circulating in the numismatic world : they are in fact forgeries made by a certain Carl Wilhelm Becker...</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1144386[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #ff0000">1864</span></p><p>Cohen in <i>Description historique des Monnaies frappées sous l'Empire romain</i> listed the 7 known reverses plus a new type of Becker's fake. He also gave the precision that Becker's creations are in fine silver, unlike authentic coins which are alloys of poor quality.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1144387[/ATTACH]</p><p><span style="color: #ff0000">1875-today</span></p><p>In 1875 there were about 30 known specimen of <b>Pacatian</b>'s antoniniani listed. The number increased with with the archaeological excavations carried out everywhere in the old Roman colonies. In 1986 was found the first coin of the usurper in Britain, and at this time they were 69 <b>Pacatian </b>known. British Museum owns 4 of them : <a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG96214" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG96214" rel="nofollow">https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG96214</a></p><p>there is a consensus that there are around 100 examples today around the world.</p><p><b><br /></b></p><p><b>Fun facts</b> : the cheapest one ever sold was probably acquired by Curtis Clay in an auction in 2004: he paid 20$ for a lot of 3 coins including the rare <b>Pacatian</b>...</p><p>Numismatik Naumann had one for sale last April, estimated at 4,800 EUR. The coin finally went unsold ; is it because it was described as " slightly tooled" ?</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1144388[/ATTACH]</p><p>Now it's time to show off. If you have a <b>Pacatianus</b> in your collection, please show it here ! If not, post one of your Decius or Philip who played an important role in the story. Here is my contribution :</p><p><b>Trajan Decius</b> Viminacium</p><p>[ATTACH=full]1144389[/ATTACH]</p><p><b>Philip I </b>Viminacium</p><p>[ATTACH=full]1144390[/ATTACH][/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="Ocatarinetabellatchitchix, post: 4623105, member: 99554"][COLOR=#ff0000]248 AD [/COLOR] Philip the Arab is emperor for almost 4 years. But the Danubian legions are tired of him; they rebelled and proclaimed their own emperor, a commander named [B]Pacatian.[/B] He managed to control Upper Moesia for a very short period of time (a few weeks to a few months). Philip responded to the revolt by sending Decius to solve the problem. On the approach of Decius, [B]Pacatian [/B]was killed by his own troops sometime between the spring of 248 AD and the first months of 249 AD. Later Decius was convinced by the legions in the region to claim the position of Emperor and march on Rome. He challenged Philip in Macedonia and defeated him becoming the first Balkan Emperor of Rome. For 300 years, this usurper was only known by his coinage. But at the beginning of the 20th century, research were made showing that Zosimus (460-520 AD) and Zonaras ( 1074-1130 AD) reported the revolt in their writings. Zosimus New history 1, 20: [I]Priscus, their governor, who was a man of an intolerably evil disposition, wished for innovation, and set up Papianus for emperor, while the inhabitants of Moesia and Pannonia were more inclined to Marinus.[/I] John Zonoras[I] HISTORIAE ROMANORUM EXCERPTA XII, 19 : [ATTACH=full]1144376[/ATTACH] [/I] Pacatian's coins seem to have been struck in the Moesia region (Balkans). Viminacium is the most probable site for his mint, and there is a noticeable similarity of style if we compare with the local Aes coinage; but some scholars believe it is a bit strange that no provincials issues were produced there in his name... The usurper's coinage consists totally of antoniniani, most of which appear to have been overstruck over coins of other Emperors. Seven different reverses were used on the antoniniani of [B]Pacatian [/B]: Concordia, Felicitas, Fides, Fortuna, Pax, Roma and Victory. One type even celebrates the 1001st anniversary of the founding of Rome : [B]ROMAE[/B] [B]AETER[/B](nae) [B]AN[/B](no) [B]MILL[/B](esimo) [B]ET PRIMO [/B] "The thousand and first year of Eternal Rome". This allows us to date the time of his rebellion around the end of 248 AD to the beginning of 249 AD. Now let's make a travel in time to find the re-discovery of this Emperor who disappear for almost 1450 years. [ATTACH=full]1144378[/ATTACH] [COLOR=#ff0000]1690[/COLOR] Father Etienne Chamillard, a zealous Jesuit, is the first collector who discovered a coin of the unknown Emperor [B]PACATIANVS[/B]. He considered him as a Gallic Tyran ( he found it in the Pyrenees region in France) and made his antoninianus published by Andre Morel in 1695 ( [I]Specimen Universae Rei Nummariae Antiquae).[/I] Around the same time, M.Rainsant, a doctor and guardian of "the Cabinet des Médailles " of the King in Versailles discovered another specimen of [B]Pacatian[/B]'s coin. [ATTACH=full]1144381[/ATTACH] [COLOR=#ff0000]1718[/COLOR] Banduri included [B]Pacatian[/B] in his [I]Numismata Imperatorum Romanorum, [/I]but as an usurper of the times of Trajan Decius. Even if at the time the authenticity of the coinage of this ruler was doubtful, some other specimen were discovered and published by different collectors. [ATTACH=full]1144382[/ATTACH] [COLOR=#ff0000]1796[/COLOR] Eckhel in his [I]Doctrina Numorum Veterum [/I]detected that the obverse legend has been misread for almost a hundred year : it should be read IMP [B]TI CL [/B]MAR PACATIANVS and not IMP [B]T IVLIUS [/B]MAR PACATIANVS [ATTACH=full]1144383[/ATTACH] [COLOR=#ff0000]1801[/COLOR] In Langres (France) is found the first example of [B]Pacatian[/B] with the reverse ROMAE AETER AN MILL ET PRIMO proving that he lived during the time of Decius and not that of Gallienus. [COLOR=#ff0000]1815[/COLOR] Mionnet in his [I]De la rareté et du prix des médailles romaines[/I] described the 5 different reverses known in the great Collections of the beginning of the 19th century. Around this same time, coins with a new reverse of Providencia are circulating in the numismatic world : they are in fact forgeries made by a certain Carl Wilhelm Becker... [ATTACH=full]1144386[/ATTACH] [COLOR=#ff0000]1864[/COLOR] Cohen in [I]Description historique des Monnaies frappées sous l'Empire romain[/I] listed the 7 known reverses plus a new type of Becker's fake. He also gave the precision that Becker's creations are in fine silver, unlike authentic coins which are alloys of poor quality. [ATTACH=full]1144387[/ATTACH] [COLOR=#ff0000]1875-today[/COLOR] In 1875 there were about 30 known specimen of [B]Pacatian[/B]'s antoniniani listed. The number increased with with the archaeological excavations carried out everywhere in the old Roman colonies. In 1986 was found the first coin of the usurper in Britain, and at this time they were 69 [B]Pacatian [/B]known. British Museum owns 4 of them : [URL]https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG96214[/URL] there is a consensus that there are around 100 examples today around the world. [B] Fun facts[/B] : the cheapest one ever sold was probably acquired by Curtis Clay in an auction in 2004: he paid 20$ for a lot of 3 coins including the rare [B]Pacatian[/B]... Numismatik Naumann had one for sale last April, estimated at 4,800 EUR. The coin finally went unsold ; is it because it was described as " slightly tooled" ? [ATTACH=full]1144388[/ATTACH] Now it's time to show off. If you have a [B]Pacatianus[/B] in your collection, please show it here ! If not, post one of your Decius or Philip who played an important role in the story. Here is my contribution : [B]Trajan Decius[/B] Viminacium [ATTACH=full]1144389[/ATTACH] [B]Philip I [/B]Viminacium [ATTACH=full]1144390[/ATTACH][/QUOTE]
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