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Message:: [QUOTE="chrisild, post: 194535, member: 39"]That second one from Bockenem is obviously antisemitic, yes. "Instead of the king's power, Jewish gold rules / Art is fine, as a hireling of Jews the noble must bow. // The Jew impertinent, the German pale, / Break apart, you beautiful German Empire  / Into pieces!"Interesting by the way that this was not issued by a city or county but by the printer. At the bottom it says that this can be cashed "with me", ie. at the store, until the end of 1923. The second example is from an Austrian anti-semitic organization. Not notgeld but a donation receipt. Sure, even before there was a nazi party in Germany or Austria, that symbol was used in that sense. It's just that the very first example you showed had nothing antisemitic, and the swastika by itself did not necessarily have that meaning. Before 1900 it had a positive connotation, but then, particularly after WW1 it was often used by people who claimed that Germany lost due to the "enemy in the own country". And for them, the Jews were part of this inner enemy. The "Hitler movement" adopted the swastika in 1920. So that Bockenem printer was probably an early nazi and actually used the symbol in that nazi and antisemitic sense. Elsewhere in Europe, however, the swastika remained in use, usually until WW2 - and even today it is part of the standard (flag) of the Finnish president, for example ... Christian[/QUOTE]