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<p>[QUOTE="+VGO.DVCKS, post: 4874708, member: 110504"]...Speaking, in this case, of the 10th. Here are a couple of examples, found un- and underattributed on Delcampe and French ebay.</p><p>This first one is of Raoul /Rudolphe (923-936), the only king of Carolingian Francia who was neither Carolingian nor Robertian (/proto-Capetian).</p><p>[ATTACH=full]1177422[/ATTACH]</p><p>AR denier, Orleans. Obv. Monogram, loosely adapting the the one for Eudes /'ODO' (a Robertian) to include some letters of 'RADVLFVS.'</p><p>(From 9 o'clock: ) GRATIA D-I REX. ('Gratia Dei Rex;' a formula in use since Charles the Bald's reform of 864.)</p><p>Rev. +AVRELANIS CIVITA.</p><p>(Duplessy (3rd ed., 2008) 733; Nouchy (1994) 32, Roberts (1996) 1798.)</p><p>The next one was, er, tougher than that to attribute. But it's either from a Real Robertian or a Real late Carolingian. I frank(ish)ly think the former.</p><p>[ATTACH=full]1177424[/ATTACH]</p><p>Charles III le Simple, King of Francia 898-923, or Hugues le Grand /Hugh Magnus, <u>Dux Francorum</u> 936-956. (Father of Hugues Capet.) AR denier, Senlis.</p><p>Rev. (In two lines, crosslets above and below): SILVA NECTIS (the 'N' ligated with the 'E,' and the final 'S' retrograde); medieval Latin for 'Senlis.'</p><p>Obv. 'KAROLVS' monogram --or 'HVIIO DVX' around a small cross (?).</p><p>+GRATIA D-I REX.</p><p>Depeyrot 915, Nouchy 268 (if Carolingian); Duplessy (<u>Feodales</u>) 6, Legros 44 (if Robertian.)</p><p>I only know of the Legros citation from this listing by Leu Numismatik:</p><p><a href="https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=2313689" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=2313689" rel="nofollow">https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=2313689</a></p><p>...Sure, I <i>want</i> it to be Hugues le Grand, but without a better eye, it's a tough call. On the other hand, even in its present state, there are enough nuances to suggest Hugues over Charles le Simple. On the reverse, the ligated 'NE' at the beginning of the second line, rather than an 'IE,' distinguishes it (like the example from Leu Numismatik) from any Carolingian issues I've seen. Similarly, enough of the obverse, 'GRATIA D-I REX' legend is discernible to establish that it's not retrograde, as much of it is on the Carolingian ones I can find in print. Meanwhile, the only examples of Senlis in Dumas (<u>Fecamp</u>) have a completely different legend, presumably from later in the century than either Charles or Hugues (6598-9).</p><p>Part of what you can take away from the available numismatic references, resonantly complementing the political history, is the sheer pitch of instability the period witnessed. ...In the absence of anything resembling the infrastructure of the later Roman Empire, starting with mere literacy. Kind of along the lines of "Mad Max," or Cormac McCarthy.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="+VGO.DVCKS, post: 4874708, member: 110504"]...Speaking, in this case, of the 10th. Here are a couple of examples, found un- and underattributed on Delcampe and French ebay. This first one is of Raoul /Rudolphe (923-936), the only king of Carolingian Francia who was neither Carolingian nor Robertian (/proto-Capetian). [ATTACH=full]1177422[/ATTACH] AR denier, Orleans. Obv. Monogram, loosely adapting the the one for Eudes /'ODO' (a Robertian) to include some letters of 'RADVLFVS.' (From 9 o'clock: ) GRATIA D-I REX. ('Gratia Dei Rex;' a formula in use since Charles the Bald's reform of 864.) Rev. +AVRELANIS CIVITA. (Duplessy (3rd ed., 2008) 733; Nouchy (1994) 32, Roberts (1996) 1798.) The next one was, er, tougher than that to attribute. But it's either from a Real Robertian or a Real late Carolingian. I frank(ish)ly think the former. [ATTACH=full]1177424[/ATTACH] Charles III le Simple, King of Francia 898-923, or Hugues le Grand /Hugh Magnus, [U]Dux Francorum[/U] 936-956. (Father of Hugues Capet.) AR denier, Senlis. Rev. (In two lines, crosslets above and below): SILVA NECTIS (the 'N' ligated with the 'E,' and the final 'S' retrograde); medieval Latin for 'Senlis.' Obv. 'KAROLVS' monogram --or 'HVIIO DVX' around a small cross (?). +GRATIA D-I REX. Depeyrot 915, Nouchy 268 (if Carolingian); Duplessy ([U]Feodales[/U]) 6, Legros 44 (if Robertian.) I only know of the Legros citation from this listing by Leu Numismatik: [URL]https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=2313689[/URL] ...Sure, I [I]want[/I] it to be Hugues le Grand, but without a better eye, it's a tough call. On the other hand, even in its present state, there are enough nuances to suggest Hugues over Charles le Simple. On the reverse, the ligated 'NE' at the beginning of the second line, rather than an 'IE,' distinguishes it (like the example from Leu Numismatik) from any Carolingian issues I've seen. Similarly, enough of the obverse, 'GRATIA D-I REX' legend is discernible to establish that it's not retrograde, as much of it is on the Carolingian ones I can find in print. Meanwhile, the only examples of Senlis in Dumas ([U]Fecamp[/U]) have a completely different legend, presumably from later in the century than either Charles or Hugues (6598-9). Part of what you can take away from the available numismatic references, resonantly complementing the political history, is the sheer pitch of instability the period witnessed. ...In the absence of anything resembling the infrastructure of the later Roman Empire, starting with mere literacy. Kind of along the lines of "Mad Max," or Cormac McCarthy.[/QUOTE]
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