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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;Orielensis, post: 5143807, member: 96898&quot;]There is no one simple answer to this question, so here are a few remarks:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. The Germanic tribes had no monetarized currency system but probably relied mostly on barter. This doesn&#039;t mean they didn&#039;t use traded or looted Roman coin, either to store wealth, as bullion for producing jewelry etc., or for trade. Many native hoards of Roman coins have been discovered in &quot;Germania magna,&quot; including this 4th century northern German hoard of gold jewelry and mostly Antonine denarii that I was able to admire in the Landesmuseum Hannover two years ago:</p><p>[ATTACH=full]1207498[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p>2. &quot;Barbarous radiates&quot; have been produced and used by Germanic tribes. Their exact role for local economy remains up for debate.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Starting in the 3rd century, eastern Germanic tribes (e.g. Goths) started striking gold coins more or less loosely imitating Roman originals. These are usually holed or have attached loops, indicating they were mostly used for jewelry and not as currency. Since many such finds from Eastern Europe have been published only in the last few years, there is comparatively much recent research on this topic. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/35290972/Bursche_A_Myzgin_K_Die_Wurzeln_des_germanischen_M%C3%BCnzwesens_B_V_Eriksen_A_Abegg_Wigg_R_Bleile_U_Ickerodt_Hrsgb_Interaktion_ohne_Grenzen_Beispiele_arch%C3%A4ologischer_Forschungen_am_Beginn_dec_21_Jahrhunderts_Schleswig_2017_S_443_453" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.academia.edu/35290972/Bursche_A_Myzgin_K_Die_Wurzeln_des_germanischen_M%C3%BCnzwesens_B_V_Eriksen_A_Abegg_Wigg_R_Bleile_U_Ickerodt_Hrsgb_Interaktion_ohne_Grenzen_Beispiele_arch%C3%A4ologischer_Forschungen_am_Beginn_dec_21_Jahrhunderts_Schleswig_2017_S_443_453" rel="nofollow">This article </a>(in German) gives a good overview of what we know at this point.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. In the “Migration Age,” the eastern Germanic tribes started striking regular coinage. There are other forum members specializing in this extremely complex field of &quot;barbarous&quot; 5th century coinage ([USER=84905]@Tejas[/USER] comes to mind). Maybe they&#039;ll chime in.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. It is not always possible to draw a clear line between &quot;Celtic&quot; and &quot;Germanic&quot; tribes. Therefore, some coins usually called &quot;Celtic&quot; could also be considered &quot;Germanic.&quot; This applies e.g. to the <i>Regenbogenschüsselchen</i> shown by [USER=100731]@Roerbakmix[/USER] above as well as to the coin below, provided the tentative attribution to the Bastarnae tribe is correct.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1207497[/ATTACH]</p><p><font size="3">Eastern Celts: Bastarnae? (interpretation Topalov), AE 18 overstruck on Greek coin, 2nd–1st century BC, southeastern Bulgaria. Obv: primitive head of Strymon, die almost worn blank. Rev: ornamented trident. 18mm, 5.70g. Ref: imitating SNG Copenhagen 1298; see Pannov: Koine (2013), pp. 191–2; Macdonald: Overstruck (2009), pp. 99–114.</font>[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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