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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;lehmansterms, post: 4439888, member: 80804&quot;]This is all opinion, of course, and which events or factors in a temporal sense your breaking-out of sub-eras can be used to highlight is extremely variable - highly dependent also on the specific subject under consideration. Rounding-off Gutenberg&#039;s &quot;invention&quot; of movable type and the beginning of common access to books and knowledge to ~1450 works for me as a functional end of the Medieval period - particularly because it&#039;s also contemporaneous with the fall of Constantinople. Both of these highly seminal events occurred nearly exactly a millennium after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.</p><p>This millennium can be variously broken into sub-eras. Profoundly &#039;dark&#039; ages - Early medieval - Crusades - High medieval - Pre-plague and Post-plague - Late medieval, etc. Depending on what part of the medieval era you&#039;re studying, the starting and end dates for these periods may be relatively fluid without losing this structure completely.</p><p>15th-17th centuries - corresponding to the last of the era of hand-striking - usefully serves as an &quot;Early modern&quot; era, particularly for the numismatist. The introduction and widespread use of various forms of machine minting becomes really widespread and common around the later 17th and beginning of the 18th century.</p><p>Calling 1648 (a date by which many European coins - including the OP&#039;s - were milled) &quot;medieval&quot; seems like a real stretch to me. It&#039;s certainly &quot;Modern&quot;, perhaps &quot;Early modern&quot; if you prefer - but break-out the overall period into whatever &quot;chunks&quot; you please, whichever work most accurately to align with your specific eras of study.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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