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<p>[QUOTE="Valentinian, post: 3991083, member: 44316"]I find the question of whether coins help answer very interesting. Here is the result of spending far too much time (but still, not enough) looking into it.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>I looked for those coin types and did not find confirming evidence. I looked for evidence in RIC VI and RIC V.II and on line at the ANS web site:</p><p>Online Coins of the Roman Empire: <a href="http://numismatics.org/ocre/" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://numismatics.org/ocre/" rel="nofollow">http://numismatics.org/ocre/</a> </p><p>and at the on-line BMC.</p><p><br /></p><p>The on-line BMC has the Arras Galerius with Sol head:</p><p><a href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1189471&partId=1&searchText=Arras+&page=2" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1189471&partId=1&searchText=Arras+&page=2" rel="nofollow">https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1189471&partId=1&searchText=Arras+&page=2</a> [One piece of evidence]</p><p><br /></p><p>An Arras Maximian with Hercules head:</p><p><a href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1189561&partId=1&searchText=Arras+&page=2" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1189561&partId=1&searchText=Arras+&page=2" rel="nofollow">https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1189561&partId=1&searchText=Arras+&page=2</a> [That's no surprise]</p><p><br /></p><p>I didn't find an Arras Constantius with Mars head (or any other Constantius aureus/head) at the BM site. I didn't find any heads of gods as a reverse on an aureus of Diocletian. </p><p><br /></p><p>The ANS site yielded this:</p><p>It has illustrated an aureus of Galerius with a head of Mars on the reverse (RIC VI Treveri 63) <b>and</b> one with a head of Sol on the reverse (RIC VI Treveri 83). [That's no distinction.]</p><p><br /></p><p>The ANS site has no illustrated aurei of Constantius with reverse heads.</p><p><br /></p><p>So, that ANS site does not distinguish the gods for rulers by using heads on reverses. If we continue with other reverse types:</p><p><br /></p><p>Galerius has aurei with reverses with the head of Mars (RIC VI Treveri 63) and of head of Sol (83) and of Jupiter seated (63, 618b, 626) and Jupiter standing (625a)</p><p><br /></p><p>"Constantius aureus" yields for Trier </p><p><a href="http://numismatics.org/ocre/results?q=fulltext%3AConstantius%20aureus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://numismatics.org/ocre/results?q=fulltext%3AConstantius%20aureus" rel="nofollow">http://numismatics.org/ocre/results?q=fulltext:Constantius aureus</a></p><p>Jupiter seated (19); Jupiter and Hercules standing together (41); Hercules standing (42, 45, 51, 57, 85, 92, 620a, 620b); head of Mars (61); Mars standing (64); </p><p><br /></p><p>Now, to the print version of RIC.</p><p>Here is what I found in <b>RIC VI </b>(Diocletian's reform of c. 293-4 and later)</p><p><br /></p><p>The <b>gold</b> of 293-305 [from the reform to the retirement date of Diocletian and Maximian] is RIC Treveri 1-99 and almost all are "R3", "R4" or "R5". </p><p><br /></p><p>Jupiter is in the reverse of 15-18, 20-23, 54, 56a, 58, for Diocletian and 19, 57 for Constantius, R2, and 53 for Galerius and 55, 56b, 59 for Maximian. [Mostly for Diocletian, as expected]</p><p><br /></p><p>Hercules is on the reverse of 1, 9-14, 28-30, 43, 44, 46, 47-50, 84b for Maximian and 42, 45, 51, 85 for Constantius, 84a for Diocletian [Mostly for Maximian, as expected, but some for Constantius, his Caesar]</p><p><br /></p><p>Mars is on the reverse of 31, 61, 64 for Constantius and 59, 60 for Maximian, and 62, 62 for Galerius. [Mars does not seem to belong to one ruler in particular]</p><p><br /></p><p>Sol is not there are all.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The <b>gold</b> of 305-307 is RIC 615-634.</p><p><br /></p><p>Sol is on the reverse of 616, 630a for Severus II and 630b, 631, 632 for Constantine as Caesar [Sol first appears after 305. These are western rulers only]</p><p><br /></p><p>Hercules is on the reverse of 620a, for Constantius and 620b, 622, 623 for Severus II, 621 for Maximinus II. [These are all western rulers] </p><p><br /></p><p>Jupiter is on the reverse of 624, 625a, 626a for Galerius and 625b, 626b for Maximinus II [These are eastern rulers]</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Here is what I found in <b>RIC V.II</b>, which has the four tetrarchs, too, but only for the period between the elevation of the Caesars in Sept. 293 to the reform of c. 294 when gold is rare.</p><p><br /></p><p>Diocletian gold at Trier: Jupiter 131-146, 151-154 (explicitly mentioning IOVI), </p><p> Sol 147-148 (ORIENS AVG)</p><p>Maximian gold at Trier: Hercules 489, 497-500</p><p> Jupiter 490-496, 501 [For Maximian!] </p><p><br /></p><p>No gold listed at Trier for Constantius or Galerius.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Conclusion</b>: The gold coins of the first tetrarchy give almost no evidence for particular gods being associated with Constantius or Galerius. Yes, Galerius has an aureus with the head of Mars as the reverse, but he also does with the head of Sol.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Question</b>: Where are the other coins of "special emission of Aurei struck at Treveri as a donative to commemorate the decennalias of Constantius and Galerius" recorded? </p><p><br /></p><p><b>Question 2</b>: Do coins provide evidence about particular deities associated with Constantius and Galerius? </p><p><br /></p><p>So far, my answer to Question 2 is that the evidence they provide is so minimal as to indicate they did not favor particular gods.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="Valentinian, post: 3991083, member: 44316"]I find the question of whether coins help answer very interesting. Here is the result of spending far too much time (but still, not enough) looking into it. I looked for those coin types and did not find confirming evidence. I looked for evidence in RIC VI and RIC V.II and on line at the ANS web site: Online Coins of the Roman Empire: [URL]http://numismatics.org/ocre/[/URL] and at the on-line BMC. The on-line BMC has the Arras Galerius with Sol head: [URL]https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1189471&partId=1&searchText=Arras+&page=2[/URL] [One piece of evidence] An Arras Maximian with Hercules head: [URL]https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1189561&partId=1&searchText=Arras+&page=2[/URL] [That's no surprise] I didn't find an Arras Constantius with Mars head (or any other Constantius aureus/head) at the BM site. I didn't find any heads of gods as a reverse on an aureus of Diocletian. The ANS site yielded this: It has illustrated an aureus of Galerius with a head of Mars on the reverse (RIC VI Treveri 63) [B]and[/B] one with a head of Sol on the reverse (RIC VI Treveri 83). [That's no distinction.] The ANS site has no illustrated aurei of Constantius with reverse heads. So, that ANS site does not distinguish the gods for rulers by using heads on reverses. If we continue with other reverse types: Galerius has aurei with reverses with the head of Mars (RIC VI Treveri 63) and of head of Sol (83) and of Jupiter seated (63, 618b, 626) and Jupiter standing (625a) "Constantius aureus" yields for Trier [URL]http://numismatics.org/ocre/results?q=fulltext%3AConstantius%20aureus[/URL] Jupiter seated (19); Jupiter and Hercules standing together (41); Hercules standing (42, 45, 51, 57, 85, 92, 620a, 620b); head of Mars (61); Mars standing (64); Now, to the print version of RIC. Here is what I found in [B]RIC VI [/B](Diocletian's reform of c. 293-4 and later) The [B]gold[/B] of 293-305 [from the reform to the retirement date of Diocletian and Maximian] is RIC Treveri 1-99 and almost all are "R3", "R4" or "R5". Jupiter is in the reverse of 15-18, 20-23, 54, 56a, 58, for Diocletian and 19, 57 for Constantius, R2, and 53 for Galerius and 55, 56b, 59 for Maximian. [Mostly for Diocletian, as expected] Hercules is on the reverse of 1, 9-14, 28-30, 43, 44, 46, 47-50, 84b for Maximian and 42, 45, 51, 85 for Constantius, 84a for Diocletian [Mostly for Maximian, as expected, but some for Constantius, his Caesar] Mars is on the reverse of 31, 61, 64 for Constantius and 59, 60 for Maximian, and 62, 62 for Galerius. [Mars does not seem to belong to one ruler in particular] Sol is not there are all. The [B]gold[/B] of 305-307 is RIC 615-634. Sol is on the reverse of 616, 630a for Severus II and 630b, 631, 632 for Constantine as Caesar [Sol first appears after 305. These are western rulers only] Hercules is on the reverse of 620a, for Constantius and 620b, 622, 623 for Severus II, 621 for Maximinus II. [These are all western rulers] Jupiter is on the reverse of 624, 625a, 626a for Galerius and 625b, 626b for Maximinus II [These are eastern rulers] Here is what I found in [B]RIC V.II[/B], which has the four tetrarchs, too, but only for the period between the elevation of the Caesars in Sept. 293 to the reform of c. 294 when gold is rare. Diocletian gold at Trier: Jupiter 131-146, 151-154 (explicitly mentioning IOVI), Sol 147-148 (ORIENS AVG) Maximian gold at Trier: Hercules 489, 497-500 Jupiter 490-496, 501 [For Maximian!] No gold listed at Trier for Constantius or Galerius. [B]Conclusion[/B]: The gold coins of the first tetrarchy give almost no evidence for particular gods being associated with Constantius or Galerius. Yes, Galerius has an aureus with the head of Mars as the reverse, but he also does with the head of Sol. [B]Question[/B]: Where are the other coins of "special emission of Aurei struck at Treveri as a donative to commemorate the decennalias of Constantius and Galerius" recorded? [B]Question 2[/B]: Do coins provide evidence about particular deities associated with Constantius and Galerius? So far, my answer to Question 2 is that the evidence they provide is so minimal as to indicate they did not favor particular gods.[/QUOTE]
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