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<p>[QUOTE="curtislclay, post: 4585115, member: 89514"]Limes refers to my Forum text of 2014; here is that full text. It will be seen that what Limes calls the standard description of the LAETITIA TEMPORVM type in the numismatic trade derives from this text.</p><p><br /></p><p>A wonderful <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a>, and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rare" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rare" rel="nofollow">rare</a>. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sear" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sear" rel="nofollow">Sear</a>'s interpretation is incomplete and incorrect, however! Here my description of a similar <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=denarius" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=denarius" rel="nofollow">denarius</a> in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=harlan" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=harlan" rel="nofollow">Harlan</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=berk" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=berk" rel="nofollow">Berk</a>'s stock:</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=432" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=432" rel="nofollow">Caracalla</a>, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Rome</a>, 206 AD, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=denarius" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=denarius" rel="nofollow">Denarius</a>, 2.68 g. BM-508, C-118 (50 Fr.), RIC-157 (R3). Obv: ANTONINVS <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=pivs" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=pivs" rel="nofollow">PIVS</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=avg" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=avg" rel="nofollow">AVG</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=head" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=head" rel="nofollow">Head</a> laureate r. Rx: <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=laetitia%20temporvm" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=laetitia%20temporvm" rel="nofollow">LAETITIA TEMPORVM</a> The spina of the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus%20maximus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus%20maximus" rel="nofollow">Circus Maximus</a> decorated as a ship facing l., with the turning posts at its prow and stern, a sail mounted on the central obelisk, and the spina's other monuments visible in between; above the ship, four quadrigas racing l.; below, seven <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" rel="nofollow">animals</a>: an ostrich at l. and bear at r.; between them a <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1804" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1804" rel="nofollow">lion</a> and a lioness chasing a wild ass and a <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1809" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1809" rel="nofollow">panther</a> (indistinct on this specimen) attacking a bison. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rare" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rare" rel="nofollow">Rare</a>: only two specimens in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=reka%20devnia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=reka%20devnia" rel="nofollow">Reka Devnia</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=872&pos=0&open=872" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=872&pos=0&open=872" rel="nofollow">hoard</a>. This famous <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a> commemorates the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1839" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1839" rel="nofollow">chariot</a> races and animal <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt" rel="nofollow">hunt</a> that took place on the seventh and final day of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=429&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=429&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Severus</a>' Saecular Games in 204 AD, as described in the inscriptional acts of those games which were found in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Rome</a> in the 1870s and 1930s. According to the acts, after three days of sacrifices and three days of honorary stage shows, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=429&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=429&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Severus</a> and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=432" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=432" rel="nofollow">Caracalla</a> held <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus" rel="nofollow">circus</a> games on the seventh day, consisting of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1839" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1839" rel="nofollow">chariot</a> races and then a <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt" rel="nofollow">hunt</a> of 700 beasts, 100 each of "lions, lionesses, panthers, bears, bisons, wild <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=asses" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=asses" rel="nofollow">asses</a>, ostriches". Dio Cassius describes the same <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt" rel="nofollow">hunt</a>, adding the detail that the cage from which the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" rel="nofollow">animals</a> were discharged was formed like a boat: "The entire receptacle in the theater <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had" rel="nofollow">had</a> been fashioned in the shape of a boat and was capable of receiving or discharging four hundred beasts at once; and then, as it suddenly fell apart, there came rushing forth bears, lionesses, panthers, lions, ostriches, wild <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=asses" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=asses" rel="nofollow">asses</a>, bisons, so that 700 beasts in all, both wild and domesticated, at one and the same time were seen running about and were slaughtered. For to correspond with the duration of the festival, which lasted seven days, the number of the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" rel="nofollow">animals</a> was also seven times one hundred." In Dio's text this passage follows directly on <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> account of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=429&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=429&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Severus</a>' Decennalian Games in 202 AD, causing scholars to accuse Dio of misdating the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt" rel="nofollow">hunt</a> to 202 or to postulate that similar hunts of 700 <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" rel="nofollow">animals</a> were held both in 202 and in 204. But the true explanation, in my opinion, is that Dio's <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=99&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=99&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Byzantine</a> epitimator Xiphilinus, on whom we are dependent for this section of Dio's text, has simply jumped without warning or transition from Dio's description of the Decennalian Games of 202 to <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> description of the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus" rel="nofollow">circus</a> spectacle concluding the Saecular Games of 204. This hypothesis easily explains why Dio's text as we have it makes no mention of the Saecular Games themselves or of any event of 203: Xiphilinus omitted this whole section of Dio's <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1475" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1475" rel="nofollow">history</a>! The seven kinds of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" rel="nofollow">animals</a> named by both Dio and the inscriptional acts are also depicted in the coin <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a>: on <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=good" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=good" rel="nofollow">good</a> specimens, especially the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=aureus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=aureus" rel="nofollow">aureus</a> BM pl. 34.4, the ostrich and the bear are clear, the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1804" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1804" rel="nofollow">lion</a> has a mane, the ass has long ears, the bison has horns and a hump. Two large felines remain, of which we may suppose that the one accompanying the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1804" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1804" rel="nofollow">lion</a> is the lioness and the one attacking the bison is the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1809" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1809" rel="nofollow">panther</a>. The <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" rel="nofollow">animals</a> are named somewhat differently in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cohen" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cohen" rel="nofollow">Cohen</a>, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bmc" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bmc" rel="nofollow">BMC</a>, and other numismatic works: though numismatists have long cited Dio's text to explain the coin <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a>, no one previously seems to have posed the question whether the seven <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" rel="nofollow">animals</a> in the lower <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=part" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=part" rel="nofollow">part</a> of the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a> might not be the same seven that Dio and now the inscriptional acts too name! These <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus" rel="nofollow">circus</a> games with the ship and 700 <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799" rel="nofollow">animals</a> were held in 204 AD, but the coin <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a> commemorating them did not appear until two years later: on <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=aurei" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=aurei" rel="nofollow">aurei</a> of Septimius the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a> is die linked to a dated <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a> of 206 AD, and for <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=432" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=432" rel="nofollow">Caracalla</a> the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a> passes from a draped and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cuirassed" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cuirassed" rel="nofollow">cuirassed</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obverse" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obverse" rel="nofollow">obverse</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a> on the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=aureus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=aureus" rel="nofollow">aureus</a> to the "<a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=head" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=head" rel="nofollow">head</a> only" <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a> on <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=denarii" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=denarii" rel="nofollow">denarii</a>, a transition that took place in 206 AD according to <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> dated coins. (By <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=curtis" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=curtis" rel="nofollow">Curtis</a> Clay).</p><p><br /></p><p>In the same thread I also stated:</p><p><br /></p><p>The Acts of the games record that the animal <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt" rel="nofollow">hunt</a> was held on the same day as the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1839" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1839" rel="nofollow">chariot</a> races.</p><p><br /></p><p>The <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1839" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1839" rel="nofollow">chariot</a> races could only be held in the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus" rel="nofollow">Circus</a>, so it seems likely that the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt" rel="nofollow">hunt</a> was held there too, rather than requiring over 100,000 spectators to tramp from the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus" rel="nofollow">Circus</a> to the Amphitheater! We know that hunts were held in the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus" rel="nofollow">Circus</a> on other occasions.</p><p><br /></p><p>The boat-like receptacle remains a little mysterious. Was it constructed just around the obelisk of the spina? The whole spina, at some 300 yards long, seems too long to have been transformed into a convincing ship, as the coins show.</p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: right"><img src="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/Themes/classic/images/icons/modify_inline.gif" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p>[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="curtislclay, post: 4585115, member: 89514"]Limes refers to my Forum text of 2014; here is that full text. It will be seen that what Limes calls the standard description of the LAETITIA TEMPORVM type in the numismatic trade derives from this text. A wonderful [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL], and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rare']rare[/URL]. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sear']Sear[/URL]'s interpretation is incomplete and incorrect, however! Here my description of a similar [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=denarius']denarius[/URL] in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=harlan']Harlan[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=berk']Berk[/URL]'s stock: [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=432']Caracalla[/URL], [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0']Rome[/URL], 206 AD, [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=denarius']Denarius[/URL], 2.68 g. BM-508, C-118 (50 Fr.), RIC-157 (R3). Obv: ANTONINVS [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=pivs']PIVS[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=avg']AVG[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=head']Head[/URL] laureate r. Rx: [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=laetitia%20temporvm']LAETITIA TEMPORVM[/URL] The spina of the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus%20maximus']Circus Maximus[/URL] decorated as a ship facing l., with the turning posts at its prow and stern, a sail mounted on the central obelisk, and the spina's other monuments visible in between; above the ship, four quadrigas racing l.; below, seven [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799']animals[/URL]: an ostrich at l. and bear at r.; between them a [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1804']lion[/URL] and a lioness chasing a wild ass and a [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1809']panther[/URL] (indistinct on this specimen) attacking a bison. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rare']Rare[/URL]: only two specimens in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=reka%20devnia']Reka Devnia[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=872&pos=0&open=872']hoard[/URL]. This famous [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL] commemorates the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1839']chariot[/URL] races and animal [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt']hunt[/URL] that took place on the seventh and final day of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=429&pos=0']Severus[/URL]' Saecular Games in 204 AD, as described in the inscriptional acts of those games which were found in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0']Rome[/URL] in the 1870s and 1930s. According to the acts, after three days of sacrifices and three days of honorary stage shows, [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=429&pos=0']Severus[/URL] and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=432']Caracalla[/URL] held [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus']circus[/URL] games on the seventh day, consisting of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1839']chariot[/URL] races and then a [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt']hunt[/URL] of 700 beasts, 100 each of "lions, lionesses, panthers, bears, bisons, wild [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=asses']asses[/URL], ostriches". Dio Cassius describes the same [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt']hunt[/URL], adding the detail that the cage from which the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799']animals[/URL] were discharged was formed like a boat: "The entire receptacle in the theater [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had']had[/URL] been fashioned in the shape of a boat and was capable of receiving or discharging four hundred beasts at once; and then, as it suddenly fell apart, there came rushing forth bears, lionesses, panthers, lions, ostriches, wild [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=asses']asses[/URL], bisons, so that 700 beasts in all, both wild and domesticated, at one and the same time were seen running about and were slaughtered. For to correspond with the duration of the festival, which lasted seven days, the number of the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799']animals[/URL] was also seven times one hundred." In Dio's text this passage follows directly on [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] account of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=429&pos=0']Severus[/URL]' Decennalian Games in 202 AD, causing scholars to accuse Dio of misdating the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt']hunt[/URL] to 202 or to postulate that similar hunts of 700 [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799']animals[/URL] were held both in 202 and in 204. But the true explanation, in my opinion, is that Dio's [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=99&pos=0']Byzantine[/URL] epitimator Xiphilinus, on whom we are dependent for this section of Dio's text, has simply jumped without warning or transition from Dio's description of the Decennalian Games of 202 to [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] description of the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus']circus[/URL] spectacle concluding the Saecular Games of 204. This hypothesis easily explains why Dio's text as we have it makes no mention of the Saecular Games themselves or of any event of 203: Xiphilinus omitted this whole section of Dio's [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1475']history[/URL]! The seven kinds of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799']animals[/URL] named by both Dio and the inscriptional acts are also depicted in the coin [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL]: on [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=good']good[/URL] specimens, especially the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=aureus']aureus[/URL] BM pl. 34.4, the ostrich and the bear are clear, the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1804']lion[/URL] has a mane, the ass has long ears, the bison has horns and a hump. Two large felines remain, of which we may suppose that the one accompanying the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1804']lion[/URL] is the lioness and the one attacking the bison is the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1809']panther[/URL]. The [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799']animals[/URL] are named somewhat differently in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cohen']Cohen[/URL], [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bmc']BMC[/URL], and other numismatic works: though numismatists have long cited Dio's text to explain the coin [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL], no one previously seems to have posed the question whether the seven [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799']animals[/URL] in the lower [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=part']part[/URL] of the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL] might not be the same seven that Dio and now the inscriptional acts too name! These [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus']circus[/URL] games with the ship and 700 [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1799']animals[/URL] were held in 204 AD, but the coin [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL] commemorating them did not appear until two years later: on [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=aurei']aurei[/URL] of Septimius the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL] is die linked to a dated [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL] of 206 AD, and for [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=432']Caracalla[/URL] the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL] passes from a draped and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cuirassed']cuirassed[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obverse']obverse[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL] on the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=aureus']aureus[/URL] to the "[URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=head']head[/URL] only" [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL] on [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=denarii']denarii[/URL], a transition that took place in 206 AD according to [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] dated coins. (By [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=curtis']Curtis[/URL] Clay). In the same thread I also stated: The Acts of the games record that the animal [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt']hunt[/URL] was held on the same day as the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1839']chariot[/URL] races. The [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1839']chariot[/URL] races could only be held in the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus']Circus[/URL], so it seems likely that the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hunt']hunt[/URL] was held there too, rather than requiring over 100,000 spectators to tramp from the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus']Circus[/URL] to the Amphitheater! We know that hunts were held in the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=circus']Circus[/URL] on other occasions. The boat-like receptacle remains a little mysterious. Was it constructed just around the obelisk of the spina? The whole spina, at some 300 yards long, seems too long to have been transformed into a convincing ship, as the coins show. [RIGHT][IMG]http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/Themes/classic/images/icons/modify_inline.gif[/IMG][/RIGHT][/QUOTE]
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