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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;Insider, post: 8207053, member: 24314&quot;]Kristine Garrant, posted: &quot;So in researching theu Variety Vista looking at different DDsI ventured into the different varieties and their markers. So here is the questions:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Are there marker listings only for errors?&quot;</p><p><br /></p><p>You have a lot of reading to do in this thread.&nbsp;&nbsp; Let me be a little more specific on this one.&nbsp; The dies that strike coins (working dies) are made with a hub.&nbsp; Hubs have a raised design like the finished coin.&nbsp; When a hub is squeezed into a cylinder that becomes a die it leaves a sunken-in design.&nbsp; Anything that is done to the surface of a die after it is made will show up on the coins struck from it.&nbsp; Doubled dies result when the hub is squeezed into the die a little off from the first impression.&nbsp; All the coins struck from that die will be doubled die varieties.&nbsp; </p><p><br /></p><p>During use, the die wears.&nbsp; Consequently, the first coin struck will look different from the last coin struck.&nbsp; Different conditions of the die are called &quot;die states.&quot;&nbsp; Aside from wear, dies break or sometimes they come together without a planchet in between.&nbsp; This causes a die clash design on the next coin struck.&nbsp; Dies are polished to remove clash marks and wear.&nbsp; Polishing the die leaves raised marks.&nbsp; Sometimes dies rust or debris is present that leaves characteristic marks on a coin.</p><p><br /></p><p>&quot;Die markers&quot; usually result from polishing the dies.&nbsp; They may last for the entire press run and be on all coins or they may not.&nbsp; A die marker can also result from something done to the hub.&nbsp; In this case, it will appear on all the coins from all the dies made from that hub.&nbsp; Die markers are used for both authentication and for monitoring die states or identifying varieties.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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