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<p>[QUOTE="Jochen1, post: 3293050, member: 103829"]<b>Juno Martialis</b></p><p><br /></p><p>Very interesting! I have worked on Juno Martialis 10 years before and the results you can find in my book "Coins and Ancient Mythology". Here is the full article. I hope it is of interest too:</p><p><br /></p><p>One of the most remarkable coins we find at <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=724" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=724" rel="nofollow">Trebonianus Gallus</a> and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> son <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=725" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=725" rel="nofollow">Volusian</a>. It is the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a> with the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev." target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev." rel="nofollow">rev.</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=legend" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=legend" rel="nofollow">legend</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ivno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ivno" rel="nofollow">IVNO</a> MARTIALIS. This <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=legend" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=legend" rel="nofollow">legend</a> doesn't occur in the time before <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=nor" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=nor" rel="nofollow">nor</a> in the time after him. I confess that I will not be able to unravel the mystery, but I have compiled what was thought about it in the past. Peculiarly all works I found are from the 19th century. I couldn't find more recent works. But I have added some suggestion which should be new. I <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1840" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1840" rel="nofollow">hope</a> that this article can give you an impression what this is about at all. But first three specimens from my collection:</p><p><br /></p><p>#1</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=724" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=724" rel="nofollow">Trebonianus Gallus</a>, AD 251-253</p><p>AR - <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antoninianus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antoninianus" rel="nofollow">Antoninianus</a>, 3.53g, 20.70mm</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" rel="nofollow">Antiochia</a>, AD 251-253</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obv." target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obv." rel="nofollow">obv.</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=imp" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=imp" rel="nofollow">IMP</a> CC <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vib" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vib" rel="nofollow">VIB</a> TREB GALLVS <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=avg" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=avg" rel="nofollow">AVG</a></p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bust" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bust" rel="nofollow">Bust</a>, draped and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cuirassed" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cuirassed" rel="nofollow">cuirassed</a>, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=radiate" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=radiate" rel="nofollow">radiate</a>, r.</p><p>beneath <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bust" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bust" rel="nofollow">bust</a> 4 dots</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev." target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev." rel="nofollow">rev.</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ivno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ivno" rel="nofollow">IVNO</a> MARTIALIS</p><p>Iuno Martialis, in long garment, std. l. on throne, holding in l. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=arm" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=arm" rel="nofollow">arm</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=transverse" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=transverse" rel="nofollow">transverse</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sceptre" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sceptre" rel="nofollow">sceptre</a> and in r. hand pair</p><p>of grain-ears(?)</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=in ex" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=in ex" rel="nofollow">in ex</a>. 3 dots</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ref" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ref" rel="nofollow">ref</a>. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ric" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ric" rel="nofollow">RIC</a> V/1, (<a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" rel="nofollow">Antiochia</a>) 83, pl. 13, 18; C.47</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=scarce" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=scarce" rel="nofollow">Scarce</a>, VF+, slightly <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=toned" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=toned" rel="nofollow">toned</a></p><p>The dots are probably the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=officina" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=officina" rel="nofollow">officina</a> numbers. We see that the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obv." target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obv." rel="nofollow">obv.</a> die was made by the 4th <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=officina" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=officina" rel="nofollow">officina</a> and the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev." target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev." rel="nofollow">rev.</a> die by the 3rd <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=officina" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=officina" rel="nofollow">officina</a>.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]870974[/ATTACH]</p><p>#2</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=724" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=724" rel="nofollow">Trebonianus Gallus</a>, AD 251-253</p><p>AR - <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antoninianus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antoninianus" rel="nofollow">Antoninianus</a>, 3.19g, 23.24mm</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" rel="nofollow">Antiochia</a>, AD 251-253</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obv." target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obv." rel="nofollow">obv.</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=imp" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=imp" rel="nofollow">IMP</a> CC <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vib" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vib" rel="nofollow">VIB</a> TREB GALLVS <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=avg" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=avg" rel="nofollow">AVG</a></p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bust" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bust" rel="nofollow">Bust</a>, draped and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cuirassed" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cuirassed" rel="nofollow">cuirassed</a>, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=radiate" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=radiate" rel="nofollow">radiate</a>, r.</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev." target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev." rel="nofollow">rev.</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ivno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ivno" rel="nofollow">IVNO</a> MARTIALIS</p><p>Iuno Martialis, in long garment, std. l. on throne, holding in l. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=arm" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=arm" rel="nofollow">arm</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=transverse" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=transverse" rel="nofollow">transverse</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sceptre" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sceptre" rel="nofollow">sceptre</a> and in r. hand pair</p><p>of grain-ears(?)</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ref" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ref" rel="nofollow">ref</a>. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ric" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ric" rel="nofollow">RIC</a> V/1, (<a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963" rel="nofollow">Mediolanum</a>) 69, pl. 13, 15; C.46</p><p>about VF/F+, slightly <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=toned" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=toned" rel="nofollow">toned</a>, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=flan crack" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=flan crack" rel="nofollow">flan crack</a> at 2 o'clock</p><p>[ATTACH=full]870977[/ATTACH]</p><p>#3</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=724" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=724" rel="nofollow">Trebonianus Gallus</a>, AD 251-253</p><p>AR - <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antoninianus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antoninianus" rel="nofollow">Antoninianus</a>, 2.95g, 22.53mm</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" rel="nofollow">Antiochia</a>, AD 251-253</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obv." target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obv." rel="nofollow">obv.</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=imp" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=imp" rel="nofollow">IMP</a> CC <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vib" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vib" rel="nofollow">VIB</a> TREB GALLVS <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=avg" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=avg" rel="nofollow">AVG</a></p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bust" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bust" rel="nofollow">Bust</a>, draped and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cuirassed" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cuirassed" rel="nofollow">cuirassed</a>, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=radiate" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=radiate" rel="nofollow">radiate</a>, r.</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev." target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev." rel="nofollow">rev.</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ivno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ivno" rel="nofollow">IVNO</a> MARTIALIS</p><p>Iuno Martialis, in long garment, std. l. on throne, holding in l. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=arm" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=arm" rel="nofollow">arm</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=transverse" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=transverse" rel="nofollow">transverse</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sceptre" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sceptre" rel="nofollow">sceptre</a> and in r. hand pair</p><p>of grain-ears(?)</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ref" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ref" rel="nofollow">ref</a>. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ric" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ric" rel="nofollow">RIC</a> V/1, (<a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963" rel="nofollow">Mediolanum</a>) 69, pl. 13, 15; C.46</p><p>about VF/F+, slightly <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=toned" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=toned" rel="nofollow">toned</a>, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=flan" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=flan" rel="nofollow">flan</a> damage on <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev." target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev." rel="nofollow">rev.</a> at 6 o'clock</p><p>[ATTACH=full]870979[/ATTACH]</p><p><b>(1) About the attribute:</b></p><p><b>Grain-ears</b></p><p>The usual description of the object in the r. hand of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> is 'grain-ears', in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ric" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ric" rel="nofollow">RIC</a> correctly provided with a question mark. Pichler writes: "As I <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=kann" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=kann" rel="nofollow">kann</a> see on originals - even on less conserved ones - it is obvious: for a single ear the elaboration is too massive; the attribute is hold downwards; it's broader at the top, thinner at the bottom and looks in principle like a slightly opened pair of compasses of hand length. That there are other specimens showing ears I don't want to deny."</p><p><br /></p><p>So we have coins where the object looks like ears, f.e. coin #1 from <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" rel="nofollow">Antiochia</a>, and others where it looks rather like a pair of tongs, f.e coin #2 and #3 from <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963" rel="nofollow">Mediolanum</a>. Now the coins showing grain-ears usually were struck in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" rel="nofollow">Antiochia</a> whereas the coins with the characteristic different <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a> came from <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963" rel="nofollow">Mediolanum</a>. Because the temple with the statue of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis" rel="nofollow">Juno Martialis</a> was located in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Rome</a>, I think that the die-cutters in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=64" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=64" rel="nofollow">Italy</a> should be better informed what this attribute really was and how it actually looks than their colleagues in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia" rel="nofollow">Antiochia</a>. The objection - which often could be read - that it was actually a pair of grain-ears and that the die-cutters of the different looking coins have no more understood the sense of the attribute is not convincing. Grain-ears were depicted on many coins all over the Empire. What should be misunderstood? This very objection turns actually against the interpretation as grain-ears. What indeed could be misunderstood that is the unusual depiction of a pair of tongs, scissors or a double knife, which then because of lack of knowledge were depicted as grain-ears. Iconographically grain-ears occur at <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ceres" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ceres" rel="nofollow">Ceres</a>, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1894" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1894" rel="nofollow">Annona</a>, Tellus and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ops" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ops" rel="nofollow">Ops</a>, and some more. But looking at these grain-ears you see immediately the differences.</p><p><br /></p><p>Another argument against the hypothesis of grain-ears is the epitheton 'Martialis', meaning 'warlike', in any case establishes a relation to <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a>. So one must be puzzled that the 'warlike <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a>' should have grain-ears in her hand, which is not really warlike. It's not convincíng at all and to put it briefly: grain-ears are <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?topic=18502.msg123200#msg123200" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?topic=18502.msg123200#msg123200" rel="nofollow">obsolete</a>!</p><p><br /></p><p>Therefore I began to <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?srch=1" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?srch=1" rel="nofollow">search</a> for alternatives. In the first <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=part" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=part" rel="nofollow">part</a> of the article I will present the different interpretation with some comments. I want to start with the earliest description of this <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a> which <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=comes" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=comes" rel="nofollow">comes</a> from the famous archaeologist <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=972" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=972" rel="nofollow">Johannes</a> Joachim Winckelmann:</p><p><br /></p><p>Winckelmann: Tongs as <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1478" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1478" rel="nofollow">military</a> operation</p><p>Wickelmann (AD 1717-1768) was the supervisor of the ancient monuments in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Rome</a> and the very founder of archaeology. He writes about a find: "Between the goddesses on the mentioned Etrurian <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=altar" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=altar" rel="nofollow">altar</a> especially a <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> should be noticed, who holds with both <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hands" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hands" rel="nofollow">hands</a> a great pair of tongs, and was depicted by the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=54&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=54&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Greeks</a> in the same way. That was <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis" rel="nofollow">Juno Martialis</a> and the tongs indicate probably a special kind of battle formation called tongs, <i>forceps</i>, and it was called fighting like tongs, <i>forcipe et serra proeliari</i>, if an army in a battle split in such a manner that it could grasp the enemy in the middle and could open the formation in the battle so that it could attack the enemy from behind too."</p><p>But against Winckelmann's suggestion Visconti (<a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mus" rel="nofollow">Mus</a>. Pio-Clem. t.6.p.6. et 85.) has already stated that the figure with tongs in its <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hands" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hands" rel="nofollow">hands</a> originally was <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vulcanus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vulcanus" rel="nofollow">Vulcanus</a> who has lost <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> upper <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=part" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=part" rel="nofollow">part</a> and has become a female deity only by an ignorant addition.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Roscher: Obstetric forceps</b></p><p>Roscher, in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> monumental <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=work" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=work" rel="nofollow">work</a>, suggests, that Iuno Martialis like Iuno Lucina or the Greek Eileithya has been a goddess of delivery, if her attribute which she holds in her r. hand (like the ancient <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera" rel="nofollow">Hera</a> statue in Argos) could be verified without doubts as an obstetric forceps. A statue with this attribute was said to have stood in Argos, but Pausanias has not seen it. I think this interpretation is a <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bit" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bit" rel="nofollow">bit</a> devious because it misses the warlike attitude of the epitheton Martialis.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Visconti: Bunch of herbs</b></p><p>G.B.Visconti (AD 1722-1784), successor of Winckelmann as supervisor of the ancient monuments in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Rome</a>, identifies twice -when he spoke of the three-sided Borghesian <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=altar" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=altar" rel="nofollow">altar</a>, which was described by Winckelmann - the scissors as <i>groppo d'erbe</i>, bunch of herbs, (Museo Pio-Clementino T.VI.p.86 and in Monumenti Gabini p.215).</p><p>According to an ancient myth <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> has born <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a> solely by the touch of this herbs.</p><p>That's why she was called Martialis. General opinion was that the parents of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a> were <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1787" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1787" rel="nofollow">Jupiter</a> and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> (Hesiod Theog.v.921; Apollodor). But a few said that <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> has born <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a> alone without any <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?board=17.0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?board=17.0" rel="nofollow">help</a> by <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1787" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1787" rel="nofollow">Jupiter</a> because she wanted to give him back the affront that he has created <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=minerva" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=minerva" rel="nofollow">Minerva</a> alone out of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=head" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=head" rel="nofollow">head</a>. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a> has been conceived by the touch of a flower which has the goddess <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=flora" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=flora" rel="nofollow">Flora</a> has given to her. (Ovid. Fast. V.v.229). This myth is relative young und shall have been originated by Latin poets (Hederich). This story is today naturally often told by feminists!</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Lenormant: The scissors of the Fates</b></p><p>Lenormant (nouv. gal. mythol. 76, explanation to pl. 10, 13, 14) interprets the scissors as symbol of the Fates like the shearing knife of the Lysippean Kairos. There are actually coin <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1678" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1678" rel="nofollow">types</a> from <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963" rel="nofollow">Mediolanum</a> where <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> holds a tripartite object so that each of the Fates might have been accommodated. Trebonianus was in need of war fortune, Lenormant explains, and an amicable relationship to the Fates would be highly appreciated. But W.H.Smith, who reports this interpretation, holds the scissors of the Fates in this sense as far too little active.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Pichler: The scissors as warlike instrument</b></p><p>Pichler too holds <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a>'s attribute for scissors but he interprets the scissors more warlike and ressembles in this sense the opinion of Winckelmann. He reminds that scissors, <i>forfex</i>, not only mean a peaceful kitchen instrument. There are indeed depictions on intaglios or Pompejan wall paintings where scissors are used for cutting <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1665" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1665" rel="nofollow">flowers</a>. But this peaceful instrument can't be suggusted here. The Forfex in the r. hand of the goddess can't be called Forficula, because in relation to the entire figure it is at least of hand length if not <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=arm" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=arm" rel="nofollow">arm</a> length. The peaks are separated in an angle. So the shape of a V is indicated which is called <i>forfex</i> if it is a unit of troops which is arranged in this shape. Flav. Renatus Vegetius (epit. inst, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rei" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rei" rel="nofollow">rei</a> militar. III, 18), a Roman <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1478" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1478" rel="nofollow">military</a> writer, has worked about that lengthily. This <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1478" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1478" rel="nofollow">military</a> arrangement has the purpose to attack the enemy - advancing in the shape of a <i>cuneus</i> - from both sides in the flank. Wether Trebonianus really has used this tactics is not known. But around AD 375 (Vegetius) is was a known maneuver.</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=eckhel" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=eckhel" rel="nofollow"><b>Eckhel</b></a><b>: Hair cutting shears</b></p><p>The great <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=eckhel" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=eckhel" rel="nofollow">Eckhel</a> was the first one who recognized in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a>'s attribute hair cutting shears. He supports <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> argument by learned quotations, summing up in these words: "At <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vero" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vero" rel="nofollow">vero</a> iterum aio nummos huius argumenti copiosos, et nitidissimos musei Caesarei certam nobis forficulam offerre." Here is the background: According to the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1157" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1157" rel="nofollow">Eudocia</a> Violarium of Villoison it is told that in the temple of the Argivan <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera" rel="nofollow">Hera</a> has stood a statue with scissors. This was a symbol of cleanliness because with the scissors the hairs were cut and this promotes the cleanliness of the body. The same is said by Suidas about <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera" rel="nofollow">Hera</a> and by Codinus too in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> desription of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1957" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1957" rel="nofollow">Constantinopolis</a> (p.44.ed.Lugd). It is remarkable that this ancient <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type" rel="nofollow">type</a> of the Argivan <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> was brought out under the Roman emperor Treboninanus and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> son <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=725" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=725" rel="nofollow">Volusian</a> when in AD 251 a big plague devastated the provinces, and was depicted frequently on coins, obviously to demonstrate that the plague could be fighted by hygienic activities. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> usually throning in a small round temple - but without her temple too like here - is holding in l. hand her <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sceptre" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sceptre" rel="nofollow">sceptre</a> and in her r. hand scissors or better a double knife, which was used in the same way, but often is called a pair of grain-ears in error. But so as Winckelmann erred of course in calling the figure of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vulcanus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vulcanus" rel="nofollow">Vulcanus</a> on that <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=altar" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=altar" rel="nofollow">altar</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> with tongs so for sure they are barber shears, occuring at several Greek writers and in anagrams of the Analektes (a kind of anthologies), which were used for cutting hairs and often for beards too instead of a shear knife. The Greek poet used the term <i>phalis</i>. However the term scissors or shears is inappropiate. This instrument (<i>machairai kourides</i>, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=pollux" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=pollux" rel="nofollow">Pollux</a> II.32.X.140. s.Sabina, or the Toilette of A Roman Lady,</p><p>Th.I. S.313.Th.II.S.60.f.), consisted of two knifes which joined with their sharpnesss and should be called better double knife.</p><p><br /></p><p>In this times <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> was usually allegorized according to the Stoic point of view with the air between sky and earth. And from here it was said originate all desease miasmas.</p><p><a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> might appear at that juncture a deity whose aid ought to be propitiated, because, according to Tullius "The air which floats between the skies and the ocean is consecrated to the name of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a>; and it was this region (or element) which, having contracted some taint, brought destruction on <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=men" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=men" rel="nofollow">men</a>". Now it is needful to explain two new concepts: The Four Element Theory and the Miasma Theory.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Excursion: The Four Elements Theory</b></p><p>The theory of the four elements fire, water, earth and air goes back probably to the Greek natural philosopher Empedokles (c.494 BC - 434 BC). He has introduced the four elements as gods and has already assigned <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera" rel="nofollow">Hera</a> to the air. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">His</a> theory has been developed later, f.e. by Platon (Krat. 404c), Aristoteles and not least by the Stoics. Then in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1950" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1950" rel="nofollow">Alexandria</a> it got by its usual connection to religion a spiritual touch and became a secret lore (esoterism). <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> was responsible for the lower thick air, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1787" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1787" rel="nofollow">Jupiter</a> for the upper thin air, or she for the 'Aer' and Jupither for the 'Aether' (Phurnus. de N.D. c.3; <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cicero" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cicero" rel="nofollow">Cicero</a> de N.D. I.II.c.26). The anagramatic relation is obvious if Greek letters were used: HRA - AHR!</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Excursion: The Miasma Theory</b></p><p>This concept, going back to Hippokrates of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=3131" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=3131" rel="nofollow">Kos</a> (460 BC-375 BC), states that epidemias arises by noxious evaporations coming out of the ground, were carried away by the air and thus propagate deseases. This theory was <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=still" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=still" rel="nofollow">still</a> common in the 19th century, until <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=robert" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=robert" rel="nofollow">Robert</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=koch" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=koch" rel="nofollow">Koch</a> in AD 1884 convincingly demonstrated by <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> pur cultures the connection between the Cholera bacterium and the Cholera desease.</p><p>There is no need to mocking about that. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=max" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=max" rel="nofollow">Max</a> von Pettenkofer f.e. was a convinced supporter of the Miasma Theory and trying to falsify <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=koch" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=koch" rel="nofollow">Koch</a> he swallowed a pure culture of Cholera bacteria without falling sick. Today we know that he as pathologist was immun. Nevertheless he succeeded with <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> Miasma Theory in fighting the Cholera pandemia of AD 1892 in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=munich" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=munich" rel="nofollow">Munich</a> by sanifying the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=munich" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=munich" rel="nofollow">Munich</a> wastewater system from which the miasmas are said to come from the ground!</p><p><br /></p><p>One should consider that Böttiger has written <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> paper in AD 1826, so long before the discovery of bacteria by Pasteur or the proof by <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=koch" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=koch" rel="nofollow">Koch</a> that they are actually the cause of deseases. Until that time the Miasma Theory was widespread and the people was open for this concept, a fact difficult to understand by us 'enlightened' people today.</p><p><br /></p><p>If we want to evaluate and judge the meaning of the depiction correctly we must look at the time in which she was done. Gallus' short reign was overshadowed continously by desasters. But the most worst of all was the awfull plague, an epidemia that killed too <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> Co-emperor <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=721" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=721" rel="nofollow">Hostilian</a>, the son of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=720" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=720" rel="nofollow">Trajan Decius</a>. This epidemia raged one and a half decades in the entire <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Roman Empire</a>, devasted the provinces and led to heavy losses of people and in the army.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]870983[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p><b>(2) About the name:</b></p><p>Now we have to talk about the name MARTIALIS, which gives us another riddle.</p><p>Literally <i>martialis</i> means 'belonging to <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a>' (Georges) or 'sacred to <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a>' (Stowasser). So it is not automatically equal to 'warlike', but naturally this meaning resonates too.</p><p>a) The relation to <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a> results from the myth that <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> is the mother of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a>. Festus testifies that <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a> as <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a> <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=gradivus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=gradivus" rel="nofollow">Gradivus</a>, who is foregoing the battle, has rised from the grass. The grass was sacred to <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a>, mentioned Servius (ad Aen.XII, 119). If the grass was sacred to <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a> then it is possible that the unclear object in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a>'s hand could be a vegetable object. If we recall the parthogenetic birth myth of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a> with the aid of a flower then <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> could signifying <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=2041" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=2041" rel="nofollow">fertility</a>.</p><p>b) Related with the explanation of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> as <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=2041" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=2041" rel="nofollow">fertility</a> goddess is the opinion that this coin was struck in honour of Baebiana who was the wife of Trebonianus but never got the title <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=AVGVSTA" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=AVGVSTA" rel="nofollow">Augusta</a>, because she <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had" rel="nofollow">had</a> to abandon the title in favour of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=herennia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=herennia" rel="nofollow">Herennia</a> Etrusca. A so-called consolation may be. Devious I think.</p><p>c) Another explanation understands under the term Martialis simply the '<a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> of March' because her festival was celebrated on March 7th on the Campus <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=martius" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=martius" rel="nofollow">Martius</a>. I think that this explanation is a <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bit" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bit" rel="nofollow">bit</a> superficial. I think <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis" rel="nofollow">Juno Martialis</a> has played an important role for Trebonianus. And the most important event in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> life was the plague which threatened the Empire basically. Therefore the connection of a such important deity for the emperor only with a mere date seems indeed to be featureless.</p><p>d) Then we have the claim that <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis" rel="nofollow">Juno Martialis</a> is equated with <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> Perusina, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> of Perugia. Perugia in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=etruria" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=etruria" rel="nofollow">Etruria</a>, one of the important cities of the Twelve Etruscan Cities, was the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/" rel="nofollow">home</a> of Trebonianus, which got many privileges from the emperor. Already <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1027" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1027" rel="nofollow">Octavian</a> has brought the goddess to <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Rome</a> where she was said to be called Iuno Perusina Martialis. That's historically possible, but doesn't <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?board=17.0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?board=17.0" rel="nofollow">help</a> us to explain her name or her attribute at all. I have read too that she was warshipped already since the Rape of the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sabine" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sabine" rel="nofollow">Sabine</a> Women.</p><p>e) So we come to the last explanation of her name as 'warlike', even though indirect by her relation as mother of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a>. That has something sounding well. But then we <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had" rel="nofollow">had</a> to interpret the attribute as warlike too in one or the other way. Mighty in the struggle against plague, that would match the interpretation which I prefer. That Iuno Martialis is connected to the plague now should be obvious I <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1840" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1840" rel="nofollow">hope</a>.</p><p><br /></p><p>The festival of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis" rel="nofollow">Juno Martialis</a> was - already mentioned - celebrated on March 7th on the Campus <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=martius" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=martius" rel="nofollow">Martius</a>. But her temple according to Sext. Rufus stood on the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/" rel="nofollow">Forum</a> Romanum. Sadly until today no remains of her temple have been found which could shed some light on our problem.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Summary</b></p><p>The resume of most of the scholars is resignating. <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=eckhel" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=eckhel" rel="nofollow">Eckhel</a> writes: "But why <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> is in this instance called Martialis, I have not been as yet able satisfactorily to ascertain." <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=overbeck" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=overbeck" rel="nofollow">Overbeck</a> (Griech. Kunstmythologie 1873, <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera" rel="nofollow">Hera</a> p.155-157) prefers "to accept <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis" rel="nofollow">Juno Martialis</a> - especially because of her changing and unclear attributes - as an unsolved riddle which to solve we have not much <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1840" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1840" rel="nofollow">hope</a> even in future because of the singularity of her entire appearance". But even if we have without new archaeological or epigraphical discoveries little <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1840" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1840" rel="nofollow">hope</a> to solve the riddle the connection with the terrific events of its time, plague and war, corresponds most naturally with the conception of powerof <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno" rel="nofollow">Juno</a> and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars" rel="nofollow">Mars</a>. They together with all other Olympian gods were invoked to stay the plague which has afflicted the empire.</p><p><br /></p><p>I have added a pic from the 19th century, which shows an allegory of the Cholera epidemia. The pic from an unknown artist is now in the National <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Library of Ancient Coinage" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Library of Ancient Coinage" rel="nofollow">Library</a> of Medicine, Washington/USA.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Sources:</b></p><p>- Pausanias, Buch I, Argos</p><p>- <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cicero" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cicero" rel="nofollow">Cicero</a>, De natura deorum</p><p>- Benjamin Hederich, Gründliches mythologisches Lexikon</p><p>- Michael Grant, Die römischen <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=kaiser" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=kaiser" rel="nofollow">Kaiser</a></p><p><br /></p><p><b>online:</b></p><p>- Johann Joachim Winckelmann, Geschichte der Kunst <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=des" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=des" rel="nofollow">des</a> Altertums,</p><p>- Karl August Böttiger, Ideen zur Kunst-Mythologie, 1826</p><p>- William <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=henry" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=henry" rel="nofollow">Henry</a> Smith, Descriptive <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=18&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=18&pos=0" rel="nofollow">catalogue</a> of a cabinet of Roman imperial large-</p><p> brass medals, 1834</p><p>- S. W. Stevenson, A <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=dictionary of roman coins" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=dictionary of roman coins" rel="nofollow">Dictionary of Roman Coins</a>, 1889</p><p>- W.H.Roscher, Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie</p><p>- <a href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/trebgall.htm" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/trebgall.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.roman-emperors.org/trebgall.htm</a></p><p>- Dr. Fritz Pichler; <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=numismatische zeitschrift" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=numismatische zeitschrift" rel="nofollow">Numismatische Zeitschrift</a>, Band 5 (1873), Wien, S.92-101</p><p>- <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" rel="nofollow">http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann</a></p><p>- <a href="http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/viscontig.htm" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/viscontig.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/viscontig.htm</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Best regards[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="Jochen1, post: 3293050, member: 103829"][B]Juno Martialis[/B] Very interesting! I have worked on Juno Martialis 10 years before and the results you can find in my book "Coins and Ancient Mythology". Here is the full article. I hope it is of interest too: One of the most remarkable coins we find at [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=724']Trebonianus Gallus[/URL] and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] son [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=725']Volusian[/URL]. It is the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL] with the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev.']rev.[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=legend']legend[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ivno']IVNO[/URL] MARTIALIS. This [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=legend']legend[/URL] doesn't occur in the time before [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=nor']nor[/URL] in the time after him. I confess that I will not be able to unravel the mystery, but I have compiled what was thought about it in the past. Peculiarly all works I found are from the 19th century. I couldn't find more recent works. But I have added some suggestion which should be new. I [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1840']hope[/URL] that this article can give you an impression what this is about at all. But first three specimens from my collection: #1 [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=724']Trebonianus Gallus[/URL], AD 251-253 AR - [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antoninianus']Antoninianus[/URL], 3.53g, 20.70mm [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia']Antiochia[/URL], AD 251-253 [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obv.']obv.[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=imp']IMP[/URL] CC [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vib']VIB[/URL] TREB GALLVS [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=avg']AVG[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bust']Bust[/URL], draped and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cuirassed']cuirassed[/URL], [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=radiate']radiate[/URL], r. beneath [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bust']bust[/URL] 4 dots [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev.']rev.[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ivno']IVNO[/URL] MARTIALIS Iuno Martialis, in long garment, std. l. on throne, holding in l. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=arm']arm[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=transverse']transverse[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sceptre']sceptre[/URL] and in r. hand pair of grain-ears(?) [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=in ex']in ex[/URL]. 3 dots [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ref']ref[/URL]. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ric']RIC[/URL] V/1, ([URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia']Antiochia[/URL]) 83, pl. 13, 18; C.47 [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=scarce']Scarce[/URL], VF+, slightly [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=toned']toned[/URL] The dots are probably the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=officina']officina[/URL] numbers. We see that the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obv.']obv.[/URL] die was made by the 4th [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=officina']officina[/URL] and the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev.']rev.[/URL] die by the 3rd [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=officina']officina[/URL]. [ATTACH=full]870974[/ATTACH] #2 [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=724']Trebonianus Gallus[/URL], AD 251-253 AR - [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antoninianus']Antoninianus[/URL], 3.19g, 23.24mm [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia']Antiochia[/URL], AD 251-253 [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obv.']obv.[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=imp']IMP[/URL] CC [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vib']VIB[/URL] TREB GALLVS [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=avg']AVG[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bust']Bust[/URL], draped and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cuirassed']cuirassed[/URL], [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=radiate']radiate[/URL], r. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev.']rev.[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ivno']IVNO[/URL] MARTIALIS Iuno Martialis, in long garment, std. l. on throne, holding in l. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=arm']arm[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=transverse']transverse[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sceptre']sceptre[/URL] and in r. hand pair of grain-ears(?) [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ref']ref[/URL]. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ric']RIC[/URL] V/1, ([URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963']Mediolanum[/URL]) 69, pl. 13, 15; C.46 about VF/F+, slightly [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=toned']toned[/URL], [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=flan crack']flan crack[/URL] at 2 o'clock [ATTACH=full]870977[/ATTACH] #3 [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=724']Trebonianus Gallus[/URL], AD 251-253 AR - [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antoninianus']Antoninianus[/URL], 2.95g, 22.53mm [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia']Antiochia[/URL], AD 251-253 [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=obv.']obv.[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=imp']IMP[/URL] CC [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vib']VIB[/URL] TREB GALLVS [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=avg']AVG[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bust']Bust[/URL], draped and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cuirassed']cuirassed[/URL], [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=radiate']radiate[/URL], r. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev.']rev.[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ivno']IVNO[/URL] MARTIALIS Iuno Martialis, in long garment, std. l. on throne, holding in l. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=arm']arm[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=transverse']transverse[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sceptre']sceptre[/URL] and in r. hand pair of grain-ears(?) [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ref']ref[/URL]. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ric']RIC[/URL] V/1, ([URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963']Mediolanum[/URL]) 69, pl. 13, 15; C.46 about VF/F+, slightly [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=toned']toned[/URL], [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=flan']flan[/URL] damage on [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rev.']rev.[/URL] at 6 o'clock [ATTACH=full]870979[/ATTACH] [B](1) About the attribute: Grain-ears[/B] The usual description of the object in the r. hand of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] is 'grain-ears', in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ric']RIC[/URL] correctly provided with a question mark. Pichler writes: "As I [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=kann']kann[/URL] see on originals - even on less conserved ones - it is obvious: for a single ear the elaboration is too massive; the attribute is hold downwards; it's broader at the top, thinner at the bottom and looks in principle like a slightly opened pair of compasses of hand length. That there are other specimens showing ears I don't want to deny." So we have coins where the object looks like ears, f.e. coin #1 from [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia']Antiochia[/URL], and others where it looks rather like a pair of tongs, f.e coin #2 and #3 from [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963']Mediolanum[/URL]. Now the coins showing grain-ears usually were struck in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia']Antiochia[/URL] whereas the coins with the characteristic different [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL] came from [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963']Mediolanum[/URL]. Because the temple with the statue of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis']Juno Martialis[/URL] was located in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0']Rome[/URL], I think that the die-cutters in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=64']Italy[/URL] should be better informed what this attribute really was and how it actually looks than their colleagues in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=antiochia']Antiochia[/URL]. The objection - which often could be read - that it was actually a pair of grain-ears and that the die-cutters of the different looking coins have no more understood the sense of the attribute is not convincing. Grain-ears were depicted on many coins all over the Empire. What should be misunderstood? This very objection turns actually against the interpretation as grain-ears. What indeed could be misunderstood that is the unusual depiction of a pair of tongs, scissors or a double knife, which then because of lack of knowledge were depicted as grain-ears. Iconographically grain-ears occur at [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ceres']Ceres[/URL], [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1894']Annona[/URL], Tellus and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=ops']Ops[/URL], and some more. But looking at these grain-ears you see immediately the differences. Another argument against the hypothesis of grain-ears is the epitheton 'Martialis', meaning 'warlike', in any case establishes a relation to [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL]. So one must be puzzled that the 'warlike [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL]' should have grain-ears in her hand, which is not really warlike. It's not convincíng at all and to put it briefly: grain-ears are [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?topic=18502.msg123200#msg123200']obsolete[/URL]! Therefore I began to [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?srch=1']search[/URL] for alternatives. In the first [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=part']part[/URL] of the article I will present the different interpretation with some comments. I want to start with the earliest description of this [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL] which [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=comes']comes[/URL] from the famous archaeologist [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=972']Johannes[/URL] Joachim Winckelmann: Winckelmann: Tongs as [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1478']military[/URL] operation Wickelmann (AD 1717-1768) was the supervisor of the ancient monuments in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0']Rome[/URL] and the very founder of archaeology. He writes about a find: "Between the goddesses on the mentioned Etrurian [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=altar']altar[/URL] especially a [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] should be noticed, who holds with both [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hands']hands[/URL] a great pair of tongs, and was depicted by the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=54&pos=0']Greeks[/URL] in the same way. That was [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis']Juno Martialis[/URL] and the tongs indicate probably a special kind of battle formation called tongs, [I]forceps[/I], and it was called fighting like tongs, [I]forcipe et serra proeliari[/I], if an army in a battle split in such a manner that it could grasp the enemy in the middle and could open the formation in the battle so that it could attack the enemy from behind too." But against Winckelmann's suggestion Visconti ([URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mus']Mus[/URL]. Pio-Clem. t.6.p.6. et 85.) has already stated that the figure with tongs in its [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hands']hands[/URL] originally was [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vulcanus']Vulcanus[/URL] who has lost [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] upper [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=part']part[/URL] and has become a female deity only by an ignorant addition. [B]Roscher: Obstetric forceps[/B] Roscher, in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] monumental [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=work']work[/URL], suggests, that Iuno Martialis like Iuno Lucina or the Greek Eileithya has been a goddess of delivery, if her attribute which she holds in her r. hand (like the ancient [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera']Hera[/URL] statue in Argos) could be verified without doubts as an obstetric forceps. A statue with this attribute was said to have stood in Argos, but Pausanias has not seen it. I think this interpretation is a [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bit']bit[/URL] devious because it misses the warlike attitude of the epitheton Martialis. [B]Visconti: Bunch of herbs[/B] G.B.Visconti (AD 1722-1784), successor of Winckelmann as supervisor of the ancient monuments in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0']Rome[/URL], identifies twice -when he spoke of the three-sided Borghesian [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=altar']altar[/URL], which was described by Winckelmann - the scissors as [I]groppo d'erbe[/I], bunch of herbs, (Museo Pio-Clementino T.VI.p.86 and in Monumenti Gabini p.215). According to an ancient myth [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] has born [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL] solely by the touch of this herbs. That's why she was called Martialis. General opinion was that the parents of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL] were [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1787']Jupiter[/URL] and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] (Hesiod Theog.v.921; Apollodor). But a few said that [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] has born [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL] alone without any [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?board=17.0']help[/URL] by [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1787']Jupiter[/URL] because she wanted to give him back the affront that he has created [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=minerva']Minerva[/URL] alone out of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=head']head[/URL]. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL] has been conceived by the touch of a flower which has the goddess [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=flora']Flora[/URL] has given to her. (Ovid. Fast. V.v.229). This myth is relative young und shall have been originated by Latin poets (Hederich). This story is today naturally often told by feminists! [B]Lenormant: The scissors of the Fates[/B] Lenormant (nouv. gal. mythol. 76, explanation to pl. 10, 13, 14) interprets the scissors as symbol of the Fates like the shearing knife of the Lysippean Kairos. There are actually coin [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1678']types[/URL] from [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1963']Mediolanum[/URL] where [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] holds a tripartite object so that each of the Fates might have been accommodated. Trebonianus was in need of war fortune, Lenormant explains, and an amicable relationship to the Fates would be highly appreciated. But W.H.Smith, who reports this interpretation, holds the scissors of the Fates in this sense as far too little active. [B]Pichler: The scissors as warlike instrument[/B] Pichler too holds [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL]'s attribute for scissors but he interprets the scissors more warlike and ressembles in this sense the opinion of Winckelmann. He reminds that scissors, [I]forfex[/I], not only mean a peaceful kitchen instrument. There are indeed depictions on intaglios or Pompejan wall paintings where scissors are used for cutting [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1665']flowers[/URL]. But this peaceful instrument can't be suggusted here. The Forfex in the r. hand of the goddess can't be called Forficula, because in relation to the entire figure it is at least of hand length if not [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=arm']arm[/URL] length. The peaks are separated in an angle. So the shape of a V is indicated which is called [I]forfex[/I] if it is a unit of troops which is arranged in this shape. Flav. Renatus Vegetius (epit. inst, [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=rei']rei[/URL] militar. III, 18), a Roman [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1478']military[/URL] writer, has worked about that lengthily. This [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1478']military[/URL] arrangement has the purpose to attack the enemy - advancing in the shape of a [I]cuneus[/I] - from both sides in the flank. Wether Trebonianus really has used this tactics is not known. But around AD 375 (Vegetius) is was a known maneuver. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=eckhel'][B]Eckhel[/B][/URL][B]: Hair cutting shears[/B] The great [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=eckhel']Eckhel[/URL] was the first one who recognized in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL]'s attribute hair cutting shears. He supports [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] argument by learned quotations, summing up in these words: "At [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vero']vero[/URL] iterum aio nummos huius argumenti copiosos, et nitidissimos musei Caesarei certam nobis forficulam offerre." Here is the background: According to the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1157']Eudocia[/URL] Violarium of Villoison it is told that in the temple of the Argivan [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera']Hera[/URL] has stood a statue with scissors. This was a symbol of cleanliness because with the scissors the hairs were cut and this promotes the cleanliness of the body. The same is said by Suidas about [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera']Hera[/URL] and by Codinus too in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] desription of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1957']Constantinopolis[/URL] (p.44.ed.Lugd). It is remarkable that this ancient [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=type']type[/URL] of the Argivan [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] was brought out under the Roman emperor Treboninanus and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] son [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=725']Volusian[/URL] when in AD 251 a big plague devastated the provinces, and was depicted frequently on coins, obviously to demonstrate that the plague could be fighted by hygienic activities. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] usually throning in a small round temple - but without her temple too like here - is holding in l. hand her [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sceptre']sceptre[/URL] and in her r. hand scissors or better a double knife, which was used in the same way, but often is called a pair of grain-ears in error. But so as Winckelmann erred of course in calling the figure of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=vulcanus']Vulcanus[/URL] on that [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=altar']altar[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] with tongs so for sure they are barber shears, occuring at several Greek writers and in anagrams of the Analektes (a kind of anthologies), which were used for cutting hairs and often for beards too instead of a shear knife. The Greek poet used the term [I]phalis[/I]. However the term scissors or shears is inappropiate. This instrument ([I]machairai kourides[/I], [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=pollux']Pollux[/URL] II.32.X.140. s.Sabina, or the Toilette of A Roman Lady, Th.I. S.313.Th.II.S.60.f.), consisted of two knifes which joined with their sharpnesss and should be called better double knife. In this times [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] was usually allegorized according to the Stoic point of view with the air between sky and earth. And from here it was said originate all desease miasmas. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] might appear at that juncture a deity whose aid ought to be propitiated, because, according to Tullius "The air which floats between the skies and the ocean is consecrated to the name of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL]; and it was this region (or element) which, having contracted some taint, brought destruction on [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=men']men[/URL]". Now it is needful to explain two new concepts: The Four Element Theory and the Miasma Theory. [B]Excursion: The Four Elements Theory[/B] The theory of the four elements fire, water, earth and air goes back probably to the Greek natural philosopher Empedokles (c.494 BC - 434 BC). He has introduced the four elements as gods and has already assigned [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera']Hera[/URL] to the air. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']His[/URL] theory has been developed later, f.e. by Platon (Krat. 404c), Aristoteles and not least by the Stoics. Then in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1950']Alexandria[/URL] it got by its usual connection to religion a spiritual touch and became a secret lore (esoterism). [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] was responsible for the lower thick air, [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1787']Jupiter[/URL] for the upper thin air, or she for the 'Aer' and Jupither for the 'Aether' (Phurnus. de N.D. c.3; [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cicero']Cicero[/URL] de N.D. I.II.c.26). The anagramatic relation is obvious if Greek letters were used: HRA - AHR! [B]Excursion: The Miasma Theory[/B] This concept, going back to Hippokrates of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=3131']Kos[/URL] (460 BC-375 BC), states that epidemias arises by noxious evaporations coming out of the ground, were carried away by the air and thus propagate deseases. This theory was [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=still']still[/URL] common in the 19th century, until [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=robert']Robert[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=koch']Koch[/URL] in AD 1884 convincingly demonstrated by [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] pur cultures the connection between the Cholera bacterium and the Cholera desease. There is no need to mocking about that. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=max']Max[/URL] von Pettenkofer f.e. was a convinced supporter of the Miasma Theory and trying to falsify [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=koch']Koch[/URL] he swallowed a pure culture of Cholera bacteria without falling sick. Today we know that he as pathologist was immun. Nevertheless he succeeded with [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] Miasma Theory in fighting the Cholera pandemia of AD 1892 in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=munich']Munich[/URL] by sanifying the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=munich']Munich[/URL] wastewater system from which the miasmas are said to come from the ground! One should consider that Böttiger has written [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] paper in AD 1826, so long before the discovery of bacteria by Pasteur or the proof by [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=koch']Koch[/URL] that they are actually the cause of deseases. Until that time the Miasma Theory was widespread and the people was open for this concept, a fact difficult to understand by us 'enlightened' people today. If we want to evaluate and judge the meaning of the depiction correctly we must look at the time in which she was done. Gallus' short reign was overshadowed continously by desasters. But the most worst of all was the awfull plague, an epidemia that killed too [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] Co-emperor [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=721']Hostilian[/URL], the son of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=720']Trajan Decius[/URL]. This epidemia raged one and a half decades in the entire [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0']Roman Empire[/URL], devasted the provinces and led to heavy losses of people and in the army. [ATTACH=full]870983[/ATTACH] [B](2) About the name:[/B] Now we have to talk about the name MARTIALIS, which gives us another riddle. Literally [I]martialis[/I] means 'belonging to [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL]' (Georges) or 'sacred to [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL]' (Stowasser). So it is not automatically equal to 'warlike', but naturally this meaning resonates too. a) The relation to [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL] results from the myth that [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] is the mother of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL]. Festus testifies that [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL] as [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL] [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=gradivus']Gradivus[/URL], who is foregoing the battle, has rised from the grass. The grass was sacred to [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL], mentioned Servius (ad Aen.XII, 119). If the grass was sacred to [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL] then it is possible that the unclear object in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL]'s hand could be a vegetable object. If we recall the parthogenetic birth myth of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL] with the aid of a flower then [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] could signifying [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=2041']fertility[/URL]. b) Related with the explanation of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] as [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=2041']fertility[/URL] goddess is the opinion that this coin was struck in honour of Baebiana who was the wife of Trebonianus but never got the title [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=AVGVSTA']Augusta[/URL], because she [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had']had[/URL] to abandon the title in favour of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=herennia']Herennia[/URL] Etrusca. A so-called consolation may be. Devious I think. c) Another explanation understands under the term Martialis simply the '[URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] of March' because her festival was celebrated on March 7th on the Campus [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=martius']Martius[/URL]. I think that this explanation is a [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=bit']bit[/URL] superficial. I think [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis']Juno Martialis[/URL] has played an important role for Trebonianus. And the most important event in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] life was the plague which threatened the Empire basically. Therefore the connection of a such important deity for the emperor only with a mere date seems indeed to be featureless. d) Then we have the claim that [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis']Juno Martialis[/URL] is equated with [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] Perusina, [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] of Perugia. Perugia in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=etruria']Etruria[/URL], one of the important cities of the Twelve Etruscan Cities, was the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/']home[/URL] of Trebonianus, which got many privileges from the emperor. Already [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1027']Octavian[/URL] has brought the goddess to [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0']Rome[/URL] where she was said to be called Iuno Perusina Martialis. That's historically possible, but doesn't [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?board=17.0']help[/URL] us to explain her name or her attribute at all. I have read too that she was warshipped already since the Rape of the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sabine']Sabine[/URL] Women. e) So we come to the last explanation of her name as 'warlike', even though indirect by her relation as mother of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL]. That has something sounding well. But then we [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had']had[/URL] to interpret the attribute as warlike too in one or the other way. Mighty in the struggle against plague, that would match the interpretation which I prefer. That Iuno Martialis is connected to the plague now should be obvious I [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1840']hope[/URL]. The festival of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis']Juno Martialis[/URL] was - already mentioned - celebrated on March 7th on the Campus [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=martius']Martius[/URL]. But her temple according to Sext. Rufus stood on the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/']Forum[/URL] Romanum. Sadly until today no remains of her temple have been found which could shed some light on our problem. [B]Summary[/B] The resume of most of the scholars is resignating. [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=eckhel']Eckhel[/URL] writes: "But why [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] is in this instance called Martialis, I have not been as yet able satisfactorily to ascertain." [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=overbeck']Overbeck[/URL] (Griech. Kunstmythologie 1873, [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=hera']Hera[/URL] p.155-157) prefers "to accept [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno martialis']Juno Martialis[/URL] - especially because of her changing and unclear attributes - as an unsolved riddle which to solve we have not much [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1840']hope[/URL] even in future because of the singularity of her entire appearance". But even if we have without new archaeological or epigraphical discoveries little [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1840']hope[/URL] to solve the riddle the connection with the terrific events of its time, plague and war, corresponds most naturally with the conception of powerof [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=juno']Juno[/URL] and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=mars']Mars[/URL]. They together with all other Olympian gods were invoked to stay the plague which has afflicted the empire. I have added a pic from the 19th century, which shows an allegory of the Cholera epidemia. The pic from an unknown artist is now in the National [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Library of Ancient Coinage']Library[/URL] of Medicine, Washington/USA. [B]Sources:[/B] - Pausanias, Buch I, Argos - [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=cicero']Cicero[/URL], De natura deorum - Benjamin Hederich, Gründliches mythologisches Lexikon - Michael Grant, Die römischen [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=kaiser']Kaiser[/URL] [B]online:[/B] - Johann Joachim Winckelmann, Geschichte der Kunst [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=des']des[/URL] Altertums, - Karl August Böttiger, Ideen zur Kunst-Mythologie, 1826 - William [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=henry']Henry[/URL] Smith, Descriptive [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=18&pos=0']catalogue[/URL] of a cabinet of Roman imperial large- brass medals, 1834 - S. W. Stevenson, A [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=dictionary of roman coins']Dictionary of Roman Coins[/URL], 1889 - W.H.Roscher, Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie - [url]http://www.roman-emperors.org/trebgall.htm[/url] - Dr. Fritz Pichler; [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=numismatische zeitschrift']Numismatische Zeitschrift[/URL], Band 5 (1873), Wien, S.92-101 - [url]http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann[/url] - [url]http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/viscontig.htm[/url] Best regards[/QUOTE]
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