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<p>[QUOTE="DonnaML, post: 7436909, member: 110350"][USER=75937]@Roman Collector[/USER], soon you'll be right there in the trenches battling me and others for new Roman Republican coins! Anyway, thanks for your write-up and coin, as well as the link to [USER=103829]@Jochen1[/USER]'s very informative post.</p><p><br /></p><p>Here's my example of the type, which is my earliest Roman Republican coin (one year earlier than the Ti. Veturius depicting a youth holding a pig with soldiers to either side). It's also one of the most frustrating, not only because it's much more worn than most of my Republican coins, but because part of the design is off the flan -- which I very much dislike! I'm not sure if the flans are too small (mine is 17 mm., which isn't <u>that</u> tiny) or the design on the die was too large, but it's pretty much impossible to find an example with a complete design without spending quite a bit of money. In my case, I sacrificed most of Juno's head in order to be able to get both goats' horns. I was unsuccessful in finding one that showed them and also the goddess's entire head. Perhaps I'll upgrade sometime.</p><p><br /></p><p>Roman Republic, C. Renius, AR Denarius 138 BCE. Obv. Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind / Rev. Juno* in biga of goats right, holding scepter and reins in left hand and whip in right hand, C • RENI below goats, ROMA in exergue. RSC I Renia 1, Crawford 231/1, Sydenham 432, Sear RCV I 108 (ill.), BMCRR Rome 885. 17 mm., 3.8 g.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1290567[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p>* RSC identifies her as Juno Caprotina. Crawford disagrees, while Sear does not mention the theory. Here's the relevant discussion from Crawford p. 264:</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1290568[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>I am certainly not qualified to have an independent opinion on the issue!</p><p><br /></p><p>But given the noted relationship to Juno Sospita, and their mutual affliation with goats (in addition, Juno Sospita was also famously associated with Lanuvium; I hadn't previously read that about Juno Caprotina), here are my five(!) coins showing Sospita -- obviously she was quite popular! She was always depicted with a goat headdress, topped with goat horns:</p><p><br /></p><p>Roman Republic, L. Thorius Balbus, AR Denarius, 105 BCE. Obv. Head of Juno Sospita R., “ISMR” [<i>Iunonis Sospitae Magnae Reginae*</i>] / Rev. Bull Charging Right, Control-letter A above, “L. THORIUS BALBUS.” RSC I Thoria 1, Crawford 316/1, Sear RCV I 192, BMCRR Rome 1615. 20.11 mm., 3.85 g. <i>David R. Sear Certificate of Authenticity, 11/16/2012, No. 690CY/RR/CO/C. </i></p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1290574[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p>*See, e..g., <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DB%3Aentry+group%3D2%3Aentry%3Dbalbus-bio-11" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DB%3Aentry+group%3D2%3Aentry%3Dbalbus-bio-11" rel="nofollow">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:alphabetic+letter=B:entry+group=2:entry=balbus-bio-11</a> (William Smith. <i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mytholog</i>y, entry for Balbus: "The annexed coin of L. Thorius Balbus contains on the obverse the head of Juno Sospita, whose worship was of great antiquity at Lanuvium, with the letters I. S. M. R. (that is, <i>Junonis Sospitae magnae reginae</i>)." See also the dictionary of Latin inscriptions at <a href="https://www.trismegistos.org/abb/abbreflist.php?combin_id=66298" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.trismegistos.org/abb/abbreflist.php?combin_id=66298" rel="nofollow">https://www.trismegistos.org/abb/abbreflist.php?combin_id=66298</a> (same meaning given).</p><p><br /></p><p>Roman Republic, L. Procilius L.f., AR Denarius, 80 BCE. Obv. Laureate head of Jupiter R., S C behind/ Rev. Juno Sospita advancing R., wearing Etruscan shoes turned up at the toe, holding figure-eight shield [prob. an allusion to the mythological Shield of the Salii priests, or <i>ancilia</i>] in left hand and hurling spear with right hand; snake before; behind, L. PROCILI/F downwards. RSC I Procilia 1 (ill.), Crawford 379/1, Sydenham 771, Sear RCV I 306 (ill.), Harlan, RRM I Ch. 4 at pp. 19-22 [Michael Harlan, <i>Roman Republican Moneyers and their Coins</i>, 81 BCE-64 BCE (2012)], BMCRR Rome 3147. 19.5 mm., 3.6 g. (<i>Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Ltd. at NYINC Jan. 2020.</i>)*</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1290582[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p>*See Crawford at p.396, stating that the moneyer, Lucius Procilius son of Lucius, “is presumably to be identified with the Senator attested in 56 [citing Cicero] and with the man later condemned for misconduct in that year [also citing Cicero].” The reverse type “doubtless portrays the cult statue of Juno Sospita” (<i>id</i>., citing Cicero, De Natura Deorum 1.82), and her presence on the coin “reveals the moneyer’s Lanuvine origin” (<i>id</i>.). The serpent does so as well; its presence “alludes to a sacred ritual performed at Lanuvium.” Harlan, RRM 1, Ch. 4 at p. 20.</p><p><br /></p><p>Regarding the type of shield held by Juno Sospita and its connection to the <i>ancilia</i>, that connection is supported by David R. Sear, whose online “Glossary of Frequently Encountered Terms in Roman Coin Descriptions” (also found in each volume of the Millennium Edition of Roman Coin Values) states as follows: "<i>Ancile</i> a shield of distinctive form (narrow central section of oval shape with broad curving extensions at top and bottom). It was a particular attribute of Juno Sospita and was associated with the Salian priesthood of Mars." See <a href="https://www.davidrsear.com/academy/roman_glossary.html#Ancile" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.davidrsear.com/academy/roman_glossary.html#Ancile" rel="nofollow">https://www.davidrsear.com/academy/roman_glossary.html#Ancile</a>. See also the discussion of the <i>ancile</i> at <a href="https://www.romanumismatics.com/historicarticles?view=article&article_id=509" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.romanumismatics.com/historicarticles?view=article&article_id=509" rel="nofollow">https://www.romanumismatics.com/historicarticles?view=article&article_id=509</a>, with a photo of an example of an Augustus denarius (RIC 343) depicting two <i>ancilia</i> on the reverse.</p><p><br /></p><p>Roman Republic, L. Procilius L.f., AR Serrate Denarius, 80 BCE. Obv. Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goatskin headdress; behind, S•C downwards / Juno Sospita wearing goatskin headdress, standing in biga right with galloping horses, holding figure-eight style shield [prob. an allusion to the mythological Shield of the Salii priests, or <i>ancilia</i>] in left hand and brandishing spear in right hand; coiled serpent below horses; in exergue, L•PROCILI•F. Crawford 379/2, RSC I Procilia 2 (ill.), Sear RCV I 307 (ill.), BMCRR Rome 3150, Sydenham 772, Harlan, RRM I Ch. 4 at pp. 19-22 [Michael Harlan, <i>Roman Republican Moneyers and their Coins</i>, 81 BCE-64 BCE (2012)]. 20.05 mm., 3.97 g. (<i>Purchased from Marc Breitsprecher, Oct. 2020</i>.)*</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1290585[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p>*See footnote to previous coin re identity of moneyer, significance of Juno Sospita, and type of shield she holds.</p><p> </p><p>Roman Republic, L. Papius, AR Serrate Denarius, 79 BCE. Obv. Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin; control-symbol of lyre behind/ Rev. Gryphon prancing right, control-symbol of lyre-key below, L. PAPI in exergue. Crawford 384/1 (see also Crawford Vol. II Plate LXVII, control-symbol 127 & p. 788), RSC I Papia 1, Sear RCV I 311 (ill.), Harlan, RRM I Ch. 7 at pp. 32-35, BMCRR Rome 2977-3095 [<i>control-symbol pair not in BMCRR</i>]. 19 mm., 3.79 g., 9 h.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1290589[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Roman Republic, L. Roscius Fabatus, AR Serrate Denarius, 64 BCE, Rome Mint. Obv. Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat's skin, control-symbol to left, [L.] ROSCI in exergue/ Rev. Maiden standing right with basket over shoulder, feeding serpent erect before her, control-symbol to left, FABATI in exergue. RSC I Roscia 3, Crawford 412/1 (<i>see also Crawford Vol. II Plate LXVIII, control-symbol pair 106* & pp. 790-792</i>), Sear RCV I 363 (ill.), Harlan, RRM II Ch. 3 at pp. 21-27, BMCRR Rome 3507 (<i>control-symbol pair 106</i>). 16mm, 3.93g., 3h. (<i>Depicts annual ceremony at Juno Sospita festival in Lanuvium, in grotto under temple; see RSC I at p. 85.</i>)</p><p>[ATTACH=full]1290590[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p>* Flaming oil lamps/candle-holders (not identified as such in BMCRR or Crawford).[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="DonnaML, post: 7436909, member: 110350"][USER=75937]@Roman Collector[/USER], soon you'll be right there in the trenches battling me and others for new Roman Republican coins! Anyway, thanks for your write-up and coin, as well as the link to [USER=103829]@Jochen1[/USER]'s very informative post. Here's my example of the type, which is my earliest Roman Republican coin (one year earlier than the Ti. Veturius depicting a youth holding a pig with soldiers to either side). It's also one of the most frustrating, not only because it's much more worn than most of my Republican coins, but because part of the design is off the flan -- which I very much dislike! I'm not sure if the flans are too small (mine is 17 mm., which isn't [U]that[/U] tiny) or the design on the die was too large, but it's pretty much impossible to find an example with a complete design without spending quite a bit of money. In my case, I sacrificed most of Juno's head in order to be able to get both goats' horns. I was unsuccessful in finding one that showed them and also the goddess's entire head. Perhaps I'll upgrade sometime. Roman Republic, C. Renius, AR Denarius 138 BCE. Obv. Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind / Rev. Juno* in biga of goats right, holding scepter and reins in left hand and whip in right hand, C • RENI below goats, ROMA in exergue. RSC I Renia 1, Crawford 231/1, Sydenham 432, Sear RCV I 108 (ill.), BMCRR Rome 885. 17 mm., 3.8 g. [ATTACH=full]1290567[/ATTACH] * RSC identifies her as Juno Caprotina. Crawford disagrees, while Sear does not mention the theory. Here's the relevant discussion from Crawford p. 264: [ATTACH=full]1290568[/ATTACH] I am certainly not qualified to have an independent opinion on the issue! But given the noted relationship to Juno Sospita, and their mutual affliation with goats (in addition, Juno Sospita was also famously associated with Lanuvium; I hadn't previously read that about Juno Caprotina), here are my five(!) coins showing Sospita -- obviously she was quite popular! She was always depicted with a goat headdress, topped with goat horns: Roman Republic, L. Thorius Balbus, AR Denarius, 105 BCE. Obv. Head of Juno Sospita R., “ISMR” [[I]Iunonis Sospitae Magnae Reginae*[/I]] / Rev. Bull Charging Right, Control-letter A above, “L. THORIUS BALBUS.” RSC I Thoria 1, Crawford 316/1, Sear RCV I 192, BMCRR Rome 1615. 20.11 mm., 3.85 g. [I]David R. Sear Certificate of Authenticity, 11/16/2012, No. 690CY/RR/CO/C. [/I] [ATTACH=full]1290574[/ATTACH] *See, e..g., [URL='https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DB%3Aentry+group%3D2%3Aentry%3Dbalbus-bio-11']https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:alphabetic+letter=B:entry+group=2:entry=balbus-bio-11[/URL] (William Smith. [I]A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mytholog[/I]y, entry for Balbus: "The annexed coin of L. Thorius Balbus contains on the obverse the head of Juno Sospita, whose worship was of great antiquity at Lanuvium, with the letters I. S. M. R. (that is, [I]Junonis Sospitae magnae reginae[/I])." See also the dictionary of Latin inscriptions at [URL]https://www.trismegistos.org/abb/abbreflist.php?combin_id=66298[/URL] (same meaning given). Roman Republic, L. Procilius L.f., AR Denarius, 80 BCE. Obv. Laureate head of Jupiter R., S C behind/ Rev. Juno Sospita advancing R., wearing Etruscan shoes turned up at the toe, holding figure-eight shield [prob. an allusion to the mythological Shield of the Salii priests, or [I]ancilia[/I]] in left hand and hurling spear with right hand; snake before; behind, L. PROCILI/F downwards. RSC I Procilia 1 (ill.), Crawford 379/1, Sydenham 771, Sear RCV I 306 (ill.), Harlan, RRM I Ch. 4 at pp. 19-22 [Michael Harlan, [I]Roman Republican Moneyers and their Coins[/I], 81 BCE-64 BCE (2012)], BMCRR Rome 3147. 19.5 mm., 3.6 g. ([I]Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Ltd. at NYINC Jan. 2020.[/I])* [ATTACH=full]1290582[/ATTACH] *See Crawford at p.396, stating that the moneyer, Lucius Procilius son of Lucius, “is presumably to be identified with the Senator attested in 56 [citing Cicero] and with the man later condemned for misconduct in that year [also citing Cicero].” The reverse type “doubtless portrays the cult statue of Juno Sospita” ([I]id[/I]., citing Cicero, De Natura Deorum 1.82), and her presence on the coin “reveals the moneyer’s Lanuvine origin” ([I]id[/I].). The serpent does so as well; its presence “alludes to a sacred ritual performed at Lanuvium.” Harlan, RRM 1, Ch. 4 at p. 20. Regarding the type of shield held by Juno Sospita and its connection to the [I]ancilia[/I], that connection is supported by David R. Sear, whose online “Glossary of Frequently Encountered Terms in Roman Coin Descriptions” (also found in each volume of the Millennium Edition of Roman Coin Values) states as follows: "[I]Ancile[/I] a shield of distinctive form (narrow central section of oval shape with broad curving extensions at top and bottom). It was a particular attribute of Juno Sospita and was associated with the Salian priesthood of Mars." See [URL]https://www.davidrsear.com/academy/roman_glossary.html#Ancile[/URL]. See also the discussion of the [I]ancile[/I] at [URL]https://www.romanumismatics.com/historicarticles?view=article&article_id=509[/URL], with a photo of an example of an Augustus denarius (RIC 343) depicting two [I]ancilia[/I] on the reverse. Roman Republic, L. Procilius L.f., AR Serrate Denarius, 80 BCE. Obv. Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goatskin headdress; behind, S•C downwards / Juno Sospita wearing goatskin headdress, standing in biga right with galloping horses, holding figure-eight style shield [prob. an allusion to the mythological Shield of the Salii priests, or [I]ancilia[/I]] in left hand and brandishing spear in right hand; coiled serpent below horses; in exergue, L•PROCILI•F. Crawford 379/2, RSC I Procilia 2 (ill.), Sear RCV I 307 (ill.), BMCRR Rome 3150, Sydenham 772, Harlan, RRM I Ch. 4 at pp. 19-22 [Michael Harlan, [I]Roman Republican Moneyers and their Coins[/I], 81 BCE-64 BCE (2012)]. 20.05 mm., 3.97 g. ([I]Purchased from Marc Breitsprecher, Oct. 2020[/I].)* [ATTACH=full]1290585[/ATTACH] *See footnote to previous coin re identity of moneyer, significance of Juno Sospita, and type of shield she holds. Roman Republic, L. Papius, AR Serrate Denarius, 79 BCE. Obv. Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin; control-symbol of lyre behind/ Rev. Gryphon prancing right, control-symbol of lyre-key below, L. PAPI in exergue. Crawford 384/1 (see also Crawford Vol. II Plate LXVII, control-symbol 127 & p. 788), RSC I Papia 1, Sear RCV I 311 (ill.), Harlan, RRM I Ch. 7 at pp. 32-35, BMCRR Rome 2977-3095 [[I]control-symbol pair not in BMCRR[/I]]. 19 mm., 3.79 g., 9 h. [ATTACH=full]1290589[/ATTACH] Roman Republic, L. Roscius Fabatus, AR Serrate Denarius, 64 BCE, Rome Mint. Obv. Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat's skin, control-symbol to left, [L.] ROSCI in exergue/ Rev. Maiden standing right with basket over shoulder, feeding serpent erect before her, control-symbol to left, FABATI in exergue. RSC I Roscia 3, Crawford 412/1 ([I]see also Crawford Vol. II Plate LXVIII, control-symbol pair 106* & pp. 790-792[/I]), Sear RCV I 363 (ill.), Harlan, RRM II Ch. 3 at pp. 21-27, BMCRR Rome 3507 ([I]control-symbol pair 106[/I]). 16mm, 3.93g., 3h. ([I]Depicts annual ceremony at Juno Sospita festival in Lanuvium, in grotto under temple; see RSC I at p. 85.[/I]) [ATTACH=full]1290590[/ATTACH] * Flaming oil lamps/candle-holders (not identified as such in BMCRR or Crawford).[/QUOTE]
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