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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;H8_modern, post: 24797101, member: 28531&quot;]My target yesterday was Juba II and after looking at quite a few dealers with ancients, I found two examples to choose from. Here is the one I picked.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1586481[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1586483[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p>Excerpts from Wikipedia:</p><p><br /></p><p>Juba II was a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers" rel="nofollow">Berber</a> prince from <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia" rel="nofollow">Numidia</a>. He was the only child and heir of King <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_I_of_Numidia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_I_of_Numidia" rel="nofollow">Juba I of Numidia</a>; his mother&#039;s identity is unknown, though Juba II claimed to be a descendant of General <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" rel="nofollow">Hannibal</a> (Scol. Lucan, Pharsalia 8.287). In 46 BC, his father was defeated by <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar" rel="nofollow">Julius Caesar</a> (in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thapsus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thapsus" rel="nofollow">Thapsus</a>, North Africa), and in 40 BC Numidia became a Roman province. His father had been an ally of the Roman General <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey" rel="nofollow">Pompey</a>.</p><p><br /></p><p>Several modern scholars cite his age at Caesar&#039;s triumph in 46 BC as four or six giving rise to the typically cited birth year range of 52–50 BC, which his biographer, Duane Roller, believes is incorrect. Roller instead places his birth in early 48 BC because the Greek term <i>brephos</i> was used for him which means infant. The word for a child of age 4 to 6 is <i>pais</i> which was not used for him in the ancient sources. Therefore, Roller places his age in the triumph at anywhere from 2 months to 2 years, which actually indicates a birth year range between 48 and 46 BC.</p><p><br /></p><p>Juba II was brought to <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" rel="nofollow">Rome</a> by Julius Caesar and he took part in Caesar&#039;s triumphal procession. In Rome he learned the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" rel="nofollow">Latin</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" rel="nofollow">Greek</a>, became <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" rel="nofollow">romanized</a> and was granted Roman citizenship. Through dedication to his studies, he is said to have become one of Rome&#039;s best educated citizens, and by age 20 he wrote one of his first works entitled <i>Roman Archaeology</i>. He was raised by Julius Caesar and later by his great-nephew Octavian (future Emperor <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" rel="nofollow">Augustus</a>). While growing up, Juba II accompanied Octavian on military campaigns, gaining valuable experience as a leader. He fought alongside Octavian in the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" rel="nofollow">Battle of Actium</a> in 31 BC.</p><p><br /></p><p>In 30 BC, Octavian restored Juba II as king of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia" rel="nofollow">Numidia</a>. Juba II established Numidia as an ally of Rome. Probably as a result of his services to Augustus in a campaign in Hispania, between 26 BC and 20 BC the Emperor arranged for him to marry <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" rel="nofollow">Cleopatra Selene II</a>, giving her a large <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry" rel="nofollow">dowry</a> and appointing her queen. His kingdom replaced the province of Africa Nova which included territories of both Eastern Numidia and Western Numidia. This kingdom of Numidia (except the territory of Western Numidia) was in 25 BC directly annexed to the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" rel="nofollow">Roman Empire</a> as the part of the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province" rel="nofollow">Roman province</a> of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Proconsularis" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Proconsularis" rel="nofollow">Africa Proconsularis</a> and Juba II received <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania" rel="nofollow">Mauretania</a> as his kingdom, enlarged by territory of Western Numidia.</p><p><br /></p><p><font size="4"><b>Reign in Mauretania</b></font></p><p>According to <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" rel="nofollow">Strabo</a>, upon the death of the Mauretanian king <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocchus_II" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocchus_II" rel="nofollow">Bocchus II</a>, who was an ally of the Romans, his kingdom was briefly governed directly by Rome (33 BC - 25 BC), then in 25 BC Juba II received it from <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" rel="nofollow">Augustus</a>. When Juba II and Cleopatra Selene moved to <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania" rel="nofollow">Mauretania</a>, they named their new capital <i>Caesaria</i> (modern <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" rel="nofollow">Cherchell</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" rel="nofollow">Algeria</a>), in honour of Augustus. The construction and sculpture projects at Caesaria and another city, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volubilis" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volubilis" rel="nofollow">Volubilis</a>, display a rich mixture of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" rel="nofollow">Egyptian</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" rel="nofollow">Greek</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" rel="nofollow">Roman</a> architectural styles.</p><p><br /></p><p>Cleopatra is said to have exerted considerable influence on Juba II&#039;s policies. Juba II encouraged and supported the performing arts, research of the sciences and research of natural history. Juba II also supported Mauretanian trade. The Kingdom of Mauretania was of great importance to the Roman Empire. Mauretania engaged in trade all across the Mediterranean, particularly with <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" rel="nofollow">Spain</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" rel="nofollow">Italy</a>. Mauretania exported <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" rel="nofollow">fish</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape" rel="nofollow">grapes</a>, pearls, figs, grain, wooden furniture and purple dye harvested from certain shellfish, which was used in the manufacture of purple stripes for senatorial robes. Juba II sent a contingent to <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iles_Purpuraires" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iles_Purpuraires" rel="nofollow">Iles Purpuraires</a> to re-establish the ancient Phoenician dye manufacturing process. Tingis (modern <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier" rel="nofollow">Tangier</a>), a town at the Pillars of Hercules (modern <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" rel="nofollow">Strait of Gibraltar</a>) became a major trade centre. In Gades, (modern <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" rel="nofollow">Cádiz</a>) and Carthago Nova (modern <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" rel="nofollow">Cartagena</a>) in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" rel="nofollow">Spain</a>, Juba II was appointed by Augustus as an honorary <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duumviri" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duumviri" rel="nofollow">Duovir</a> (a chief magistrate of a Roman colony or town).</p><p><br /></p><p>The value and quality of the Mauretanian coinage became highly regarded. The Greek <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian" rel="nofollow">historian</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" rel="nofollow">Plutarch</a> describes him as &#039;one of the most gifted rulers of his time&#039;. Between 2 BC and AD 2, he travelled with <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" rel="nofollow">Gaius Caesar</a> (a grandson of Augustus), as an advisor to the Eastern Mediterranean. In AD 21, Juba II made his son Ptolemy his co-ruler. Juba II died in AD 23. Juba II was buried alongside his first wife in the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_of_Mauretania" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_of_Mauretania" rel="nofollow">Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania</a>. Ptolemy then became the sole ruler of Mauretania.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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