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<p>[QUOTE="+VGO.DVCKS, post: 4625417, member: 110504"]...Ah, but there, you profit from a little more nuance. I give you my solemn word. </p><p>For one expansively collective example, over the course of the 12th century, and well into the 13th, the entire European Mediterranean frontier was marked by remarkable levels of cosmopolitanism. </p><p>In Iberia, Alfonso VI of Castile, having, Yep, captured Toledo from the local Muslim <i>taifa </i>in 1085, instigated a major campaign of translating Arabic and Hebrew manuscripts from local, often world-class libraries into Latin. This is credited both with having been a major impetus toward the '12th-Century Renaissance,' and, eventually, that other one. </p><p>In Norman Sicily, from the first half of the 12th century, the same dynamic took place. This time including the added element of Byzantine influence, notably in the architecture and mosaics of Palermo Cathedral.</p><p>And in the Frankish Levant, effectively from the onset, the crusaders and their heirs were actively adopting and emulating elements of Muslim and Byzantine culture.</p><p>In each instance, this is borne out by the numismatic evidence. ...Wish I had all day. In Iberia, the 'Franks' are imitating local, Almohad issues by the 13th century. In Sicily, the Normans are issuing coins with legends in Greek and Arabic, and Byzantine motifs. (There's at least one issue with a Star of David.) In the 'Frankish Levant,' there's a progression from neo-Byzantine folles in Antioch and Edessa, from the beginning of the 12th century, to imitations of local Ayyubid dirhams, into the mid-13th.</p><p>...And in each collective instance, at least for the most part, the operant Arabic and Greek legends are Literate! Some of the 12th-century ones from Norman Sicily include Christian legends, sometimes in Arabic, with AH dates ...which are Accurate!</p><p>Regarding the cultural influence of civilizations which, on various, glaringly obvious levels, were demonstrably more advanced than their own, the Europeans of the period were Wide Open. I think some of us would do well to emulate their example.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="+VGO.DVCKS, post: 4625417, member: 110504"]...Ah, but there, you profit from a little more nuance. I give you my solemn word. For one expansively collective example, over the course of the 12th century, and well into the 13th, the entire European Mediterranean frontier was marked by remarkable levels of cosmopolitanism. In Iberia, Alfonso VI of Castile, having, Yep, captured Toledo from the local Muslim [I]taifa [/I]in 1085, instigated a major campaign of translating Arabic and Hebrew manuscripts from local, often world-class libraries into Latin. This is credited both with having been a major impetus toward the '12th-Century Renaissance,' and, eventually, that other one. In Norman Sicily, from the first half of the 12th century, the same dynamic took place. This time including the added element of Byzantine influence, notably in the architecture and mosaics of Palermo Cathedral. And in the Frankish Levant, effectively from the onset, the crusaders and their heirs were actively adopting and emulating elements of Muslim and Byzantine culture. In each instance, this is borne out by the numismatic evidence. ...Wish I had all day. In Iberia, the 'Franks' are imitating local, Almohad issues by the 13th century. In Sicily, the Normans are issuing coins with legends in Greek and Arabic, and Byzantine motifs. (There's at least one issue with a Star of David.) In the 'Frankish Levant,' there's a progression from neo-Byzantine folles in Antioch and Edessa, from the beginning of the 12th century, to imitations of local Ayyubid dirhams, into the mid-13th. ...And in each collective instance, at least for the most part, the operant Arabic and Greek legends are Literate! Some of the 12th-century ones from Norman Sicily include Christian legends, sometimes in Arabic, with AH dates ...which are Accurate! Regarding the cultural influence of civilizations which, on various, glaringly obvious levels, were demonstrably more advanced than their own, the Europeans of the period were Wide Open. I think some of us would do well to emulate their example.[/QUOTE]
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