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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;Jimski, post: 3001849, member: 77373&quot;]<b>1689 British halfcrown, S-3435 (first bust w/ second crowned shield), PRIMO (on edge – first year of reign)<b>, caul and interior of crown frosted, no pearls (on base of crown)</b></b></p><p><br /></p><p>Spink (Coins of England &amp; the United Kingdom) lists 16 varieties of 1689 halfcrown.&nbsp; All have similar premiums.</p><p>[ATTACH=full]742834[/ATTACH] [ATTACH=full]742835[/ATTACH]</p><p><br /></p><p>This halfcrown is a different variety than that posted by [USER=40017]@PaddyB[/USER] <a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/game-world-coins-time-machine%E2%80%A6-counting-backward-by-year-plus-prize-coin.298151/page-133#post-3001582" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/game-world-coins-time-machine%E2%80%A6-counting-backward-by-year-plus-prize-coin.298151/page-133#post-3001582">#2641</a> because [USER=77373]@Jimski[/USER] &#039;s has frosted caul and interior of the crown</p><p>[ATTACH=full]742842[/ATTACH]</p><p><font size="3">Scanned from from Spink, <u>Coins of England and The United Kingdom</u></font></p><p><font size="3"><br /></font></p><p><b><u>After</u> William and Mary’s accession (in 1689) to the throne of England, Scotland and Ireland</b></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/william_iii_01.shtml" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/william_iii_01.shtml" rel="nofollow">http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/william_iii_01.shtml</a></p><p><br /></p><p><i>Once king of the three realms, William used them to continue his crusade against Louis. In the spring of 1689, he took Britain and Ireland into a broad European confederacy against France. This &#039;Grand Alliance&#039;, including Austria, Spain and the Netherlands, had been brought together by William in the late 1680s, and would continue to fight until they reached a peace of exhaustion in 1697. William&#039;s first theatre of war after his accession to the throne therefore had to be Ireland, whose majority Catholic population remained loyal to James.</i></p><p><i>...</i></p><p><i>The deposed James II had returned to Dublin in 1689 in an attempt to regain the throne, and it took William until 1691 to crush resistance and free his hands for the wider fight. The Battle of the Boyne in 1690 was crucial to this. From 1691-7, however, the true European nature of the conflict was evident, as British forces - personally led by William - battled to protect the Netherlands against the French in Flanders.</i></p><p><br /></p><p><i>By the time William died, in 1702, he was constructing a new grand alliance against France, and had achieved his goal in the Stuart realms. By capturing Britain and Ireland, and turning their resources against Louis, he had saved his homeland and Europe from French hegemony.</i></p><p><br /></p><p><b><i>Effect in Britain</i></b></p><p><br /></p><p><i>… William&#039;s determination to beat France meant he withdrew from the damaging struggle between the English Crown and its Parliament.</i></p><p><br /></p><p><i>For nearly a hundred years, the royal court had faced Lords and Commons who had tried to restrict its power. The result had been a series of constitutional crises, which at their worst had resulted in a civil war (1642-6), and the collapse of the rule of James II …</i>[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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