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Faustina Friday – A Relative Chronology for the Concordia Standing and the Concordia Seated Issues
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<p>[QUOTE="Roman Collector, post: 7891666, member: 75937"]In terms of reverse typology, the overarching theme on the coins of Faustina the Younger during the early 150s was that of marital harmony, the <i>concordia</i> of the imperial couple. The volume of coin production depicting Concordia during this period was robust, and involved three reverse designs, scores of dies, and continued for a period of several years. In the process, coinage in the name of Faustina the Younger became firmly established as a major component of mint production.</p><p><br /></p><p>In a <a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/faustina-friday-%E2%80%93-concordia-and-the-birth-of-lucilla.385764/" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/faustina-friday-%E2%80%93-concordia-and-the-birth-of-lucilla.385764/">previous installment of Faustina Friday</a>, I described how Martin Beckmann's seminal die-linkage study of the aurei of Faustina the Younger demonstrated that the reverse type of Concordia standing was in production at the same time as the IVNO seated reverse type issued to commemorate the birth of Lucilla in March AD 149.[1] This allows for accurate dating of the issue.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1361764[/ATTACH]</p><blockquote><p><font size="3">Section of die-linkage chain 2 demonstrating the transition from the VENVS reverse type to the appearance of the IVNO seated and CONCORDIA standing (head left and right) reverse types (Beckmann, p. 36). There are four obverse dies and ten reverse dies in the chain. </font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1361766[/ATTACH]</p><blockquote><p><font size="3">Aureus showing Concordia standing from the bottom of die-linkage chain 2 (<a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1856-1101-82" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1856-1101-82" rel="nofollow">BMC 1041</a>). Note the obverse inscription is in the dative case: FAVSTINAE AVG PII AVG FIL.</font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>The next major development in the aurei of Faustina – and almost certainly paralleled in the silver and bronze issues – is a shift to a new obverse legend in the nominative case, FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL. This change was not sudden or clear cut, but transpired over a period of extended coin production marked by what Beckmann describes as a "confusing array of different obverse legends, portraits, and reverse types." He further notes that this legend appeared briefly before a new obverse legend was introduced, FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL, which was used for a somewhat longer time before it was switched back to FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL.[2]</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1361767[/ATTACH]</p><blockquote><p><font size="3">Small die-linkage groups featuring Concordia standing. Group 4 depicts known die pairs with the shorter FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL inscription; group 5 depicts known die pairs with the longer FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL inscription (Beckmann, p. 41).</font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1361768[/ATTACH]</p><blockquote><p><font size="3">Small die-linkage group pairing dies with the longer FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL inscription and the CONCORDIA/dove standing right reverse type and the VENERI FELICI/dove standing right reverse type, which were introduced after the Concordia standing type (Beckmann, p. 41).</font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>Beckmann's groups 4 and 5 can be associated with the end of chain 2 by their common use of the Concordia standing reverse type. But these two groups employ different obverse inscriptions than chain 2, which uses the <a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-late-sestertius-of-faustina-ii-with-a-dative-obverse-inscription-previously-unattested.373298/" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-late-sestertius-of-faustina-ii-with-a-dative-obverse-inscription-previously-unattested.373298/">dative obverse inscription</a> <a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/faustina-friday-–-the-first-Æ-issues-for-the-empress.383947/" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/faustina-friday-–-the-first-Æ-issues-for-the-empress.383947/">used from the very beginning</a> of Pius' coins for his daughter Faustina: FAVSTINAE AVG PII AVG FIL. In group 4, the inscription merely changes from the dative to the nominative case (FAVSTINAE becomes FAVSTINA). In group 5, the legend becomes longer through the addition of ANTONINI (genitive case, "of Antoninus"). Both legends were short-lived, with only a few obverse dies known. Group 6 demonstrates that the longer legend post-dates the shorter legend by its use with the dove standing right reverse types, which were introduced after the Concordia standing type.</p><p><br /></p><p>Beckmann's demonstration that the shorter legend, FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL, was in use both before and after the longer legend, FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL, represented a departure from the chronology proposed by earlier numismatists. Strack dated the longer legend to 149-152 and the shorter to AD 152-156.[3] Mattingly dated the FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL legend to <i>c. </i>150-152 and the FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL legend to <i>c.</i> 152-153.[4]</p><p><br /></p><p>However, in the late 1980s, our own [USER=89514]@curtislclay[/USER], by comparing the denarii of Pius, Marcus Aurelius and Faustina and their representation in the Reka Devnia hoard, elucidated an absolute chronology for the silver issues of Faustina II. In the course of this work, he concluded that the FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL legend was in use for about four or five months beginning about May AD 151, followed by the FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL legend, which was in use for about seven or eight months, from the end of summer AD 151 to about June AD 152, after which it reverted to the FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL legend, which was in use through the end of AD 155.[5]</p><p><br /></p><p>Curtis' findings are confirmed exactly by Beckmann's die-linkage study of her aurei. However, it's important to note that in Beckmann's study, the situation is complicated and not entirely linear, with overlap between and possibly simultaneous use of the various legends and of the empress' various hairstyles. We have no similar die-linkage studies of the silver and bronze issues with these legends and their absolute dating is fraught with difficulty.</p><p><br /></p><p>In silver, the period of transition from Faustina's earliest hairstyle to her second and the transition from the earliest dative case obverse inscription to the nominative occurs during the production of the Pudicitia standing issue. This indicates a long period of production of denarii with this reverse type, preceding and following the birth of Lucilla, akin to the Venus standing issue on the aurei. Curtis dates the various varieties of the Pudicita standing left reverse type to very late AD 148 to about mid AD 151 and calls this "issue 3."</p><p><br /></p><p>There follows a large and complicated series of denarii featuring Concordia. Issue 4 features Concordia standing, and this reverse type was in use from mid to late AD 151. Thus, it spans the time from the first use of the short nominative inscription FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL into the period when the longer FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL inscription was in use.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1361769[/ATTACH]</p><blockquote><p><font size="3">Faustina Jr, AD 147-175.</font></p><p><font size="3">Roman AR denarius, 3.03 g, 17.3 mm, 7 h.</font></p><p><font size="3">Rome, Summer AD 151.</font></p><p><font size="3">Obv: FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL, bare-headed and draped bust, right.</font></p><p><font size="3">Rev: CONCORDIA standing facing, head right, gathering up skirt and holding cornucopiae.</font></p><p><font size="3">Refs: RIC 500b,3; BMCRE 1085; Cohen 42, CRE 164.</font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1361771[/ATTACH]</p><blockquote><p><font size="3">Faustina Jr, AD 147-175.</font></p><p><font size="3">Roman AR denarius, 2.97 g, 18.5 mm, 6 h.</font></p><p><font size="3">Rome, c. Autumn-late AD 151.</font></p><p><font size="3">Obv: FAVSTINA AVG AN-TONINI AVG PII FIL, bare-headed and draped bust, right.</font></p><p><font size="3">Rev: CONCORDIA standing facing, head right, gathering up skirt and holding cornucopiae.</font></p><p><font size="3">Refs: RIC 500b(6); BMCRE 1078-79; Cohen 44, CRE 163.</font></p><p><font size="3">Notes: RIC erroneously describes the obverse legend as reading FAVSTINAE AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL; this is corrected by BMCRE 4.</font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1361770[/ATTACH]</p><blockquote><p><font size="3">Faustina II, AD 147-175.</font></p><p><font size="3">Roman AR Denarius, 2.84 g, 18.5 mm, 6 h.</font></p><p><font size="3">Rome, c. Autumn-late AD 151.</font></p><p><font size="3">Obv: FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL, bare-headed and draped bust right.</font></p><p><font size="3">Rev: CONCORDIA, Concordia standing facing, head left, holding skirt and cornucopiae.</font></p><p><font size="3">Refs: RIC III 501 (Pius); BMCRE 1078 note (Pius); Cohen/RSC 46; RCV --; CRE 166; ERIC II --.</font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>These coins generally feature the empress with her Beckman type 2 hairstyle, which I <a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/faustina-friday-%E2%80%93-concordia-and-the-birth-of-lucilla.385764/" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/faustina-friday-%E2%80%93-concordia-and-the-birth-of-lucilla.385764/">discussed earlier this month</a>. But on a unique[6] denarius, she appears wearing a new hairstyle (Beckmann’s type 3 hairstyle). This type 3 hairstyle was used with only 4 dies on the gold coins – far fewer than the other hairstyles – and for very briefly. It was in use simultaneously with the type 2 hairstyle in Beckmann’s die-linkage study of her aurei[7] and only on the issue featuring the CONCORDIA inscription and a standing dove.[8].</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1361772[/ATTACH]</p><blockquote><p><font size="3">Aureus, RIC 503. Künker, Auction 304, <a href="https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=4840383" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=4840383" rel="nofollow">lot 1183</a>, 19 March 2018.</font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1361773[/ATTACH]</p><blockquote><p><font size="3">Unique denarius featuring Beckmann’s type 3 hairstyle, the longer obverse legend, and the CONCORDIA standing reverse type. Aureo & Calicó S.L., IMAGINES IMPERATORUM <a href="https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=1200405" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=1200405" rel="nofollow">lot 120</a>, 15 February 2012.</font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>More follows …[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="Roman Collector, post: 7891666, member: 75937"]In terms of reverse typology, the overarching theme on the coins of Faustina the Younger during the early 150s was that of marital harmony, the [I]concordia[/I] of the imperial couple. The volume of coin production depicting Concordia during this period was robust, and involved three reverse designs, scores of dies, and continued for a period of several years. In the process, coinage in the name of Faustina the Younger became firmly established as a major component of mint production. In a [URL='https://www.cointalk.com/threads/faustina-friday-%E2%80%93-concordia-and-the-birth-of-lucilla.385764/']previous installment of Faustina Friday[/URL], I described how Martin Beckmann's seminal die-linkage study of the aurei of Faustina the Younger demonstrated that the reverse type of Concordia standing was in production at the same time as the IVNO seated reverse type issued to commemorate the birth of Lucilla in March AD 149.[1] This allows for accurate dating of the issue. [ATTACH=full]1361764[/ATTACH] [INDENT][SIZE=3]Section of die-linkage chain 2 demonstrating the transition from the VENVS reverse type to the appearance of the IVNO seated and CONCORDIA standing (head left and right) reverse types (Beckmann, p. 36). There are four obverse dies and ten reverse dies in the chain. [/SIZE][/INDENT] [ATTACH=full]1361766[/ATTACH] [INDENT][SIZE=3]Aureus showing Concordia standing from the bottom of die-linkage chain 2 ([URL='https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1856-1101-82']BMC 1041[/URL]). Note the obverse inscription is in the dative case: FAVSTINAE AVG PII AVG FIL.[/SIZE][/INDENT] The next major development in the aurei of Faustina – and almost certainly paralleled in the silver and bronze issues – is a shift to a new obverse legend in the nominative case, FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL. This change was not sudden or clear cut, but transpired over a period of extended coin production marked by what Beckmann describes as a "confusing array of different obverse legends, portraits, and reverse types." He further notes that this legend appeared briefly before a new obverse legend was introduced, FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL, which was used for a somewhat longer time before it was switched back to FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL.[2] [ATTACH=full]1361767[/ATTACH] [INDENT][SIZE=3]Small die-linkage groups featuring Concordia standing. Group 4 depicts known die pairs with the shorter FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL inscription; group 5 depicts known die pairs with the longer FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL inscription (Beckmann, p. 41).[/SIZE][/INDENT] [ATTACH=full]1361768[/ATTACH] [INDENT][SIZE=3]Small die-linkage group pairing dies with the longer FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL inscription and the CONCORDIA/dove standing right reverse type and the VENERI FELICI/dove standing right reverse type, which were introduced after the Concordia standing type (Beckmann, p. 41).[/SIZE][/INDENT] Beckmann's groups 4 and 5 can be associated with the end of chain 2 by their common use of the Concordia standing reverse type. But these two groups employ different obverse inscriptions than chain 2, which uses the [URL='https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-late-sestertius-of-faustina-ii-with-a-dative-obverse-inscription-previously-unattested.373298/']dative obverse inscription[/URL] [URL='https://www.cointalk.com/threads/faustina-friday-–-the-first-Æ-issues-for-the-empress.383947/']used from the very beginning[/URL] of Pius' coins for his daughter Faustina: FAVSTINAE AVG PII AVG FIL. In group 4, the inscription merely changes from the dative to the nominative case (FAVSTINAE becomes FAVSTINA). In group 5, the legend becomes longer through the addition of ANTONINI (genitive case, "of Antoninus"). Both legends were short-lived, with only a few obverse dies known. Group 6 demonstrates that the longer legend post-dates the shorter legend by its use with the dove standing right reverse types, which were introduced after the Concordia standing type. Beckmann's demonstration that the shorter legend, FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL, was in use both before and after the longer legend, FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL, represented a departure from the chronology proposed by earlier numismatists. Strack dated the longer legend to 149-152 and the shorter to AD 152-156.[3] Mattingly dated the FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL legend to [I]c. [/I]150-152 and the FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL legend to [I]c.[/I] 152-153.[4] However, in the late 1980s, our own [USER=89514]@curtislclay[/USER], by comparing the denarii of Pius, Marcus Aurelius and Faustina and their representation in the Reka Devnia hoard, elucidated an absolute chronology for the silver issues of Faustina II. In the course of this work, he concluded that the FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL legend was in use for about four or five months beginning about May AD 151, followed by the FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL legend, which was in use for about seven or eight months, from the end of summer AD 151 to about June AD 152, after which it reverted to the FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL legend, which was in use through the end of AD 155.[5] Curtis' findings are confirmed exactly by Beckmann's die-linkage study of her aurei. However, it's important to note that in Beckmann's study, the situation is complicated and not entirely linear, with overlap between and possibly simultaneous use of the various legends and of the empress' various hairstyles. We have no similar die-linkage studies of the silver and bronze issues with these legends and their absolute dating is fraught with difficulty. In silver, the period of transition from Faustina's earliest hairstyle to her second and the transition from the earliest dative case obverse inscription to the nominative occurs during the production of the Pudicitia standing issue. This indicates a long period of production of denarii with this reverse type, preceding and following the birth of Lucilla, akin to the Venus standing issue on the aurei. Curtis dates the various varieties of the Pudicita standing left reverse type to very late AD 148 to about mid AD 151 and calls this "issue 3." There follows a large and complicated series of denarii featuring Concordia. Issue 4 features Concordia standing, and this reverse type was in use from mid to late AD 151. Thus, it spans the time from the first use of the short nominative inscription FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL into the period when the longer FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL inscription was in use. [ATTACH=full]1361769[/ATTACH] [INDENT][SIZE=3]Faustina Jr, AD 147-175. Roman AR denarius, 3.03 g, 17.3 mm, 7 h. Rome, Summer AD 151. Obv: FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL, bare-headed and draped bust, right. Rev: CONCORDIA standing facing, head right, gathering up skirt and holding cornucopiae. Refs: RIC 500b,3; BMCRE 1085; Cohen 42, CRE 164.[/SIZE][/INDENT] [ATTACH=full]1361771[/ATTACH] [INDENT][SIZE=3]Faustina Jr, AD 147-175. Roman AR denarius, 2.97 g, 18.5 mm, 6 h. Rome, c. Autumn-late AD 151. Obv: FAVSTINA AVG AN-TONINI AVG PII FIL, bare-headed and draped bust, right. Rev: CONCORDIA standing facing, head right, gathering up skirt and holding cornucopiae. Refs: RIC 500b(6); BMCRE 1078-79; Cohen 44, CRE 163. Notes: RIC erroneously describes the obverse legend as reading FAVSTINAE AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL; this is corrected by BMCRE 4.[/SIZE][/INDENT] [ATTACH=full]1361770[/ATTACH] [INDENT][SIZE=3]Faustina II, AD 147-175. Roman AR Denarius, 2.84 g, 18.5 mm, 6 h. Rome, c. Autumn-late AD 151. Obv: FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII FIL, bare-headed and draped bust right. Rev: CONCORDIA, Concordia standing facing, head left, holding skirt and cornucopiae. Refs: RIC III 501 (Pius); BMCRE 1078 note (Pius); Cohen/RSC 46; RCV --; CRE 166; ERIC II --.[/SIZE][/INDENT] These coins generally feature the empress with her Beckman type 2 hairstyle, which I [URL='https://www.cointalk.com/threads/faustina-friday-%E2%80%93-concordia-and-the-birth-of-lucilla.385764/']discussed earlier this month[/URL]. But on a unique[6] denarius, she appears wearing a new hairstyle (Beckmann’s type 3 hairstyle). This type 3 hairstyle was used with only 4 dies on the gold coins – far fewer than the other hairstyles – and for very briefly. It was in use simultaneously with the type 2 hairstyle in Beckmann’s die-linkage study of her aurei[7] and only on the issue featuring the CONCORDIA inscription and a standing dove.[8]. [ATTACH=full]1361772[/ATTACH] [INDENT][SIZE=3]Aureus, RIC 503. Künker, Auction 304, [URL='https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=4840383']lot 1183[/URL], 19 March 2018.[/SIZE][/INDENT] [ATTACH=full]1361773[/ATTACH] [INDENT][SIZE=3]Unique denarius featuring Beckmann’s type 3 hairstyle, the longer obverse legend, and the CONCORDIA standing reverse type. Aureo & Calicó S.L., IMAGINES IMPERATORUM [URL='https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=1200405']lot 120[/URL], 15 February 2012.[/SIZE][/INDENT] More follows …[/QUOTE]
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