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Exhibit: The LINCOLN CENT, 2008 By Cheryl Kubicko
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<p>[QUOTE="cherylkubucko, post: 491738, member: 9624"]<b>Abraham Lincoln</b> (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">sixteenth</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">President of the United States</span></a>. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">American Civil War</span></a>, preserving the Union and ending slavery, only to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_assassination" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_assassination" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">assassinated</span></a> as the war was virtually over.</p><p> </p><p><img src="http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/456px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoul.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p> </p><p>Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">Thomas Lincoln</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Hanks" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Hanks" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">Nancy Hanks</span></a>, two uneducated farmers, in a one-room <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_cabin" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_cabin" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">log cabin</span></a> on the 348-acre (1.4 km2) Sinking Spring Farm, in southeast <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_County,_Kentucky" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_County,_Kentucky" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">Hardin County, Kentucky</span></a> (now part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaRue_County,_Kentucky" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaRue_County,_Kentucky" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">LaRue County</span></a>), making him the first president born outside the original <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #5a3696">Thirteen Colonies</span></a>. Lincoln's ancestor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Lincoln" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Lincoln" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">Samuel Lincoln</span></a> had arrived in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">Hingham, Massachusetts</span></a> from England in the 17th century, but his descendants had gradually moved west, from Pennsylvania to Virginia and then westward to the frontier.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><b>1909 One Cent</b></p><p> </p><p>1909 was a year of many "firsts." U.S. Navy engineer Robert E. Peary became the first man to reach the North Pole. The first transcontinental auto race took place between New York and Seattle, and up in the sky, French engineer Louis Bleriot made the first English Channel crossing in a heavier-than-air machine. The United States Mint was preparing a first of its own: a regular-issue U.S. coin honoring an actual person. Defying a tradition that dated back to George Washington's presidency, plans were made to honor the 100th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth with a new cent featuring a bust of the beloved president. </p><p> </p><p><a href="http://www.coinsite.com/CoinSite-PF/pparticles/01clinc.asp" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.coinsite.com/CoinSite-PF/pparticles/01clinc.asp" rel="nofollow">http://www.coinsite.com/CoinSite-PF/pparticles/01clinc.asp</a></p><p> </p><p><img src="http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/1909p600X300.gif" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p> </p><p>For more than a century, federal officials had followed George Washington's lead and avoided the depiction of presidents, past or present or any other recognizable individuals on the nation's circulating coinage. Thus, when the notion of a Lincoln coin arose, it encountered real resistance from traditionalists. Skeptics and critics were no match, however, for President Theodore Roosevelt. "TR" had a personal interest in revitalizing U.S. coinage. Having pushed through exciting new designs for the four gold denominations, he turned his attention to the cent, where the Indian Head design had held sway since 1859. He was steered in this direction by Victor David Brenner, a Lithuanian emigre with tremendous artistic talent and enormous admiration for Abraham Lincoln. Their paths crossed in 1908, when Roosevelt posed for Brenner for a Panama Canal Service medal. The artist had already modeled a plaque and medal for Lincoln's birth centennial and suggested a Lincoln coin. The president readily agreed and asked him to submit proposed designs. Brenner's obverse design featured a portrait of Lincoln facing right, and for the first time on the cent, the motto IN GOD WE TRUST. Flanking Lincoln's bust on the left was the inscription LIBERTY, with the date on the right. The reverse design showed two sheaves of wheat, one on either side, framing the inscriptions ONE CENT, E PLURIBUS UNUM and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The highest points on the obverse are Lincoln's cheekbone and jaw, on the reverse the tips of the wheat stalks. These are the places to first show wear. </p><p> </p><p><b>1943 Lincoln One Cent</b></p><p> </p><p>In 1943, with copper urgently needed for combat-related purposes, the Mint made Lincoln cents from zinc-coated steel.</p><p>Due to wartime needs of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">copper</span></a> for use in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">ammunition</span></a> and other military equipment during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">World War II</span></a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Mint" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Mint" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">US Mint</span></a> researched various ways to limit dependence and meet conservation goals on copper usage. After trying out several substitutes (ranging from other metals<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_steel_cent#cite_note-0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_steel_cent#cite_note-0" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #5a3696">[1]</span></a> to plastics<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_steel_cent#cite_note-1" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_steel_cent#cite_note-1" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #5a3696">[2]</span></a>) to replace the then-standard <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">bronze</span></a> alloy, it was minted in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">zinc</span></a>-coated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">steel</span></a>. It was made at all three mints, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">Philadelphia</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">Denver</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">San Francisco</span></a>. Coins from the latter two sites have respectively "D" and "S" <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmark" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmark" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">mintmarks</span></a> below the date.</p><p> </p><p><img src="http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/1943p600X300.gif" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p> </p><p>Production of the war-time cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_18" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_18" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">December 18</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">1942</span></a>, which also set as the expiration date of the authority <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_31" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_31" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">December 31</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">1946</span></a>. Low-grade carbon steel formed the base of these coins, to which a zinc coating 0.005 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">inch</span></a> (0.127 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetre" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetre" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">millimeter</span></a>) thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">rust</span></a> preventative. Unfortunately, this coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made leaving the rims of these coins extremely succeptible to rust. The same size was maintained, but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_(measure)" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_(measure)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">grains</span></a> to 42 grains (3.1 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">g</span></a> to 2.7 g), due to the use of a lighter alloy. Production commenced on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_27" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_27" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">February 27</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">1943</span></a>, and by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_31" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_31" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">December 31</span></a> of that year, the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one-cent coins. The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of 2 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">cruisers</span></a>, 2 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">destroyers</span></a>, 1,243 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">Flying Fortresses</span></a>, 120 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_gun" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_gun" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">field guns</span></a> and 120 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">howitzers</span></a>, or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns.</p><p> </p><p><b>1944 Lincoln One Cent</b></p><p> </p><p> On <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">January 1</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">1944</span></a>, the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy, the supply being derived from expended <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_casing" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_casing" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">shell casings</span></a> which, when melted, furnished a composition similar to the original, but with a much smaller trace of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">tin</span></a>. The original weight of 48 grains (3.1 g) was also restored. Shell casings were no longer used after 1946 and the original composition was again used.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><b>1959 Lincoln One Cent</b> </p><p> </p><p>In 1959, to commemorate the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesquicentennial" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesquicentennial" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">sesquicentennial</span></a> of Lincoln's birth, the wheat stalks on the reverse of the coin were replaced with a rendering of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #5a3696">Lincoln Memorial</span></a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gasparro" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gasparro" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">Frank Gasparro</span></a>.</p><p> </p><p><img src="http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/937139600X300.gif" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p> </p><p><img src="http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/181318800_eab5ce6a3e300X300a.gif" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The composition of the coin was changed again in 1962. Mint officials felt that deletion of the tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin, whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95% copper and 5% zinc would be of much benefit. Congressional authority for this modification is contained in an Act of Congress approved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_5" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_5" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">September 5</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">1962</span></a>.</p><p> </p><p>During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to a point where the cent almost contained one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternate metals, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">aluminum</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">bronze</span></a>-clad steel. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_aluminum_cent" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_aluminum_cent" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">Aluminum was chosen</span></a>, and in 1973, a total of 1,579,324 such coins were struck (dated 1974) and ready for public release. A few were distributed to members of the US Congress. Subsequently; aluminum was rejected because, among other reasons, it would not show up on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">X-rays</span></a> should it be swallowed.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p><img src="http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/940772600X300.gif" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p> </p><p>In mid-1982, the coin's composition changed again to copper-plated zinc. The last all-copper cents were produced by the Denver Mint on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_22" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_22" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">October 22</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">1982</span></a>. These copper-plated coins, which are still being produced today, contain 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper, and are minted on blanks produced for the Mint by an outside manufacturer (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarden_Zinc_Products" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarden_Zinc_Products" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">Jarden Zinc Products</span></a>). This coin is identical in size and appearance to, but at 2.5 grams is lighter than the 3.11 grams of copper cents issued before 1982, but this modification saves the Government an estimated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">$</span></a>25 million in metal costs every year. (Both types were produced that year and all are common.) The zinc core can be readily seen if the copper plating is abraded or otherwise scraped off.</p><p> </p><p>2008 </p><p> </p><p><img src="http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/UnsavedProject600X300.gif" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p> </p><p>Thus, 2008 will be the 49th anniversary, and last year that the Lincoln Memorial will be on the U.S cent.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent_(United_States_coin)#cite_note-9" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent_(United_States_coin)#cite_note-9" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #5a3696">[10]</span></a> This redesign was passed as part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Act_of_2005" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Act_of_2005" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005</span></a>, which also mandates that in 2009, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatic" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatic" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #002bb8">numismatic</span></a> cents will be issued for collectors that have the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909. In 2010, the cent's reverse will be redesigned again, with a new, permanent design being released into circulation. The redesign will bear an image that is emblematic of Lincoln's preservation of the United States as a single and united country. Lincoln, however, will remain on the obverse, though a new obverse design is possible. For now, the composition for circulating issues will remain copper-plated zin.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p><b>2009 New Lincoln One Cent Reverse</b></p><p> </p><p><img src="http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/2009_US_Penny_Reverse_C.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p> </p><p><img src="http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/2009_US_Penny_reverse_B.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><img src="http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/120px-2009_US_Penny_Reverse_D.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p> </p><p><img src="http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/120px-2009_US_Penny_Reverse_A.jpg" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" />[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="cherylkubucko, post: 491738, member: 9624"][B]Abraham Lincoln[/B] (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States"][COLOR=#002bb8]sixteenth[/COLOR][/URL] [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"][COLOR=#002bb8]President of the United States[/COLOR][/URL]. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"][COLOR=#002bb8]American Civil War[/COLOR][/URL], preserving the Union and ending slavery, only to be [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_assassination"][COLOR=#002bb8]assassinated[/COLOR][/URL] as the war was virtually over. [IMG]http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/456px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoul.jpg[/IMG] Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, to [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln"][COLOR=#002bb8]Thomas Lincoln[/COLOR][/URL] and [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Hanks"][COLOR=#002bb8]Nancy Hanks[/COLOR][/URL], two uneducated farmers, in a one-room [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_cabin"][COLOR=#002bb8]log cabin[/COLOR][/URL] on the 348-acre (1.4 km2) Sinking Spring Farm, in southeast [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_County,_Kentucky"][COLOR=#002bb8]Hardin County, Kentucky[/COLOR][/URL] (now part of [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaRue_County,_Kentucky"][COLOR=#002bb8]LaRue County[/COLOR][/URL]), making him the first president born outside the original [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"][COLOR=#5a3696]Thirteen Colonies[/COLOR][/URL]. Lincoln's ancestor [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Lincoln"][COLOR=#002bb8]Samuel Lincoln[/COLOR][/URL] had arrived in [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts"][COLOR=#002bb8]Hingham, Massachusetts[/COLOR][/URL] from England in the 17th century, but his descendants had gradually moved west, from Pennsylvania to Virginia and then westward to the frontier. [B]1909 One Cent[/B] 1909 was a year of many "firsts." U.S. Navy engineer Robert E. Peary became the first man to reach the North Pole. The first transcontinental auto race took place between New York and Seattle, and up in the sky, French engineer Louis Bleriot made the first English Channel crossing in a heavier-than-air machine. The United States Mint was preparing a first of its own: a regular-issue U.S. coin honoring an actual person. Defying a tradition that dated back to George Washington's presidency, plans were made to honor the 100th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth with a new cent featuring a bust of the beloved president. [URL]http://www.coinsite.com/CoinSite-PF/pparticles/01clinc.asp[/URL] [IMG]http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/1909p600X300.gif[/IMG] For more than a century, federal officials had followed George Washington's lead and avoided the depiction of presidents, past or present or any other recognizable individuals on the nation's circulating coinage. Thus, when the notion of a Lincoln coin arose, it encountered real resistance from traditionalists. Skeptics and critics were no match, however, for President Theodore Roosevelt. "TR" had a personal interest in revitalizing U.S. coinage. Having pushed through exciting new designs for the four gold denominations, he turned his attention to the cent, where the Indian Head design had held sway since 1859. He was steered in this direction by Victor David Brenner, a Lithuanian emigre with tremendous artistic talent and enormous admiration for Abraham Lincoln. Their paths crossed in 1908, when Roosevelt posed for Brenner for a Panama Canal Service medal. The artist had already modeled a plaque and medal for Lincoln's birth centennial and suggested a Lincoln coin. The president readily agreed and asked him to submit proposed designs. Brenner's obverse design featured a portrait of Lincoln facing right, and for the first time on the cent, the motto IN GOD WE TRUST. Flanking Lincoln's bust on the left was the inscription LIBERTY, with the date on the right. The reverse design showed two sheaves of wheat, one on either side, framing the inscriptions ONE CENT, E PLURIBUS UNUM and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The highest points on the obverse are Lincoln's cheekbone and jaw, on the reverse the tips of the wheat stalks. These are the places to first show wear. [B]1943 Lincoln One Cent[/B] In 1943, with copper urgently needed for combat-related purposes, the Mint made Lincoln cents from zinc-coated steel. Due to wartime needs of [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"][COLOR=#002bb8]copper[/COLOR][/URL] for use in [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"][COLOR=#002bb8]ammunition[/COLOR][/URL] and other military equipment during [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"][COLOR=#002bb8]World War II[/COLOR][/URL], the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Mint"][COLOR=#002bb8]US Mint[/COLOR][/URL] researched various ways to limit dependence and meet conservation goals on copper usage. After trying out several substitutes (ranging from other metals[URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_steel_cent#cite_note-0"][COLOR=#5a3696][1][/COLOR][/URL] to plastics[URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_steel_cent#cite_note-1"][COLOR=#5a3696][2][/COLOR][/URL]) to replace the then-standard [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"][COLOR=#002bb8]bronze[/COLOR][/URL] alloy, it was minted in [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"][COLOR=#002bb8]zinc[/COLOR][/URL]-coated [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"][COLOR=#002bb8]steel[/COLOR][/URL]. It was made at all three mints, [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"][COLOR=#002bb8]Philadelphia[/COLOR][/URL], [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"][COLOR=#002bb8]Denver[/COLOR][/URL], and [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"][COLOR=#002bb8]San Francisco[/COLOR][/URL]. Coins from the latter two sites have respectively "D" and "S" [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmark"][COLOR=#002bb8]mintmarks[/COLOR][/URL] below the date. [IMG]http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/1943p600X300.gif[/IMG] Production of the war-time cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_18"][COLOR=#002bb8]December 18[/COLOR][/URL], [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942"][COLOR=#002bb8]1942[/COLOR][/URL], which also set as the expiration date of the authority [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_31"][COLOR=#002bb8]December 31[/COLOR][/URL], [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946"][COLOR=#002bb8]1946[/COLOR][/URL]. Low-grade carbon steel formed the base of these coins, to which a zinc coating 0.005 [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch"][COLOR=#002bb8]inch[/COLOR][/URL] (0.127 [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetre"][COLOR=#002bb8]millimeter[/COLOR][/URL]) thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust"][COLOR=#002bb8]rust[/COLOR][/URL] preventative. Unfortunately, this coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made leaving the rims of these coins extremely succeptible to rust. The same size was maintained, but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_(measure)"][COLOR=#002bb8]grains[/COLOR][/URL] to 42 grains (3.1 [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram"][COLOR=#002bb8]g[/COLOR][/URL] to 2.7 g), due to the use of a lighter alloy. Production commenced on [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_27"][COLOR=#002bb8]February 27[/COLOR][/URL], [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943"][COLOR=#002bb8]1943[/COLOR][/URL], and by [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_31"][COLOR=#002bb8]December 31[/COLOR][/URL] of that year, the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one-cent coins. The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of 2 [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"][COLOR=#002bb8]cruisers[/COLOR][/URL], 2 [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"][COLOR=#002bb8]destroyers[/COLOR][/URL], 1,243 [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress"][COLOR=#002bb8]Flying Fortresses[/COLOR][/URL], 120 [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_gun"][COLOR=#002bb8]field guns[/COLOR][/URL] and 120 [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"][COLOR=#002bb8]howitzers[/COLOR][/URL], or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns. [B]1944 Lincoln One Cent[/B] On [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1"][COLOR=#002bb8]January 1[/COLOR][/URL], [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944"][COLOR=#002bb8]1944[/COLOR][/URL], the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy, the supply being derived from expended [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_casing"][COLOR=#002bb8]shell casings[/COLOR][/URL] which, when melted, furnished a composition similar to the original, but with a much smaller trace of [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"][COLOR=#002bb8]tin[/COLOR][/URL]. The original weight of 48 grains (3.1 g) was also restored. Shell casings were no longer used after 1946 and the original composition was again used. [B]1959 Lincoln One Cent[/B] In 1959, to commemorate the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesquicentennial"][COLOR=#002bb8]sesquicentennial[/COLOR][/URL] of Lincoln's birth, the wheat stalks on the reverse of the coin were replaced with a rendering of the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial"][COLOR=#5a3696]Lincoln Memorial[/COLOR][/URL] by [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gasparro"][COLOR=#002bb8]Frank Gasparro[/COLOR][/URL]. [IMG]http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/937139600X300.gif[/IMG] [IMG]http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/181318800_eab5ce6a3e300X300a.gif[/IMG] The composition of the coin was changed again in 1962. Mint officials felt that deletion of the tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin, whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95% copper and 5% zinc would be of much benefit. Congressional authority for this modification is contained in an Act of Congress approved on [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_5"][COLOR=#002bb8]September 5[/COLOR][/URL], [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962"][COLOR=#002bb8]1962[/COLOR][/URL]. During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to a point where the cent almost contained one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternate metals, including [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"][COLOR=#002bb8]aluminum[/COLOR][/URL] and [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"][COLOR=#002bb8]bronze[/COLOR][/URL]-clad steel. [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_aluminum_cent"][COLOR=#002bb8]Aluminum was chosen[/COLOR][/URL], and in 1973, a total of 1,579,324 such coins were struck (dated 1974) and ready for public release. A few were distributed to members of the US Congress. Subsequently; aluminum was rejected because, among other reasons, it would not show up on [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"][COLOR=#002bb8]X-rays[/COLOR][/URL] should it be swallowed. [IMG]http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/940772600X300.gif[/IMG] In mid-1982, the coin's composition changed again to copper-plated zinc. The last all-copper cents were produced by the Denver Mint on [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_22"][COLOR=#002bb8]October 22[/COLOR][/URL], [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982"][COLOR=#002bb8]1982[/COLOR][/URL]. These copper-plated coins, which are still being produced today, contain 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper, and are minted on blanks produced for the Mint by an outside manufacturer ([URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarden_Zinc_Products"][COLOR=#002bb8]Jarden Zinc Products[/COLOR][/URL]). This coin is identical in size and appearance to, but at 2.5 grams is lighter than the 3.11 grams of copper cents issued before 1982, but this modification saves the Government an estimated [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"][COLOR=#002bb8]$[/COLOR][/URL]25 million in metal costs every year. (Both types were produced that year and all are common.) The zinc core can be readily seen if the copper plating is abraded or otherwise scraped off. 2008 [IMG]http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/UnsavedProject600X300.gif[/IMG] Thus, 2008 will be the 49th anniversary, and last year that the Lincoln Memorial will be on the U.S cent.[URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent_(United_States_coin)#cite_note-9"][COLOR=#5a3696][10][/COLOR][/URL] This redesign was passed as part of the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Act_of_2005"][COLOR=#002bb8]Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005[/COLOR][/URL], which also mandates that in 2009, [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatic"][COLOR=#002bb8]numismatic[/COLOR][/URL] cents will be issued for collectors that have the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909. In 2010, the cent's reverse will be redesigned again, with a new, permanent design being released into circulation. The redesign will bear an image that is emblematic of Lincoln's preservation of the United States as a single and united country. Lincoln, however, will remain on the obverse, though a new obverse design is possible. For now, the composition for circulating issues will remain copper-plated zin. [B]2009 New Lincoln One Cent Reverse[/B] [IMG]http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/2009_US_Penny_Reverse_C.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/2009_US_Penny_reverse_B.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/120px-2009_US_Penny_Reverse_D.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://i230.photobucket.com/albums/ee18/cherylkubicko/120px-2009_US_Penny_Reverse_A.jpg[/IMG][/QUOTE]
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