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<p>[QUOTE="curtislclay, post: 4180108, member: 89514"]My summary of Weiss's arguments posted on Forum in 2007:</p><p><br /></p><p>I agree with Jochen that a fundamental advance in this question was made by <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=peter" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=peter" rel="nofollow">Peter</a> Weiss, The Vision of Constantine, Journal of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Roman</a> Archaeology 16, 2003, 237-259.</p><p><br /></p><p>The vision in the sky, Weiss contends, was a solar halo, which appeared to Constantine and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> army as he was marching <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=north" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=north" rel="nofollow">north</a> to counter a barbarian invasion on the Rhine after eliminating <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=445&pos=0#The-Tetrarchy" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=445&pos=0#The-Tetrarchy" rel="nofollow">Maximian</a> at Marseilles early in 310, and which is described in a Latin panegyric delivered before Constantine later in that year. Constantine interpreted this vision as a promise of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=victory" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=victory" rel="nofollow">victory</a> from the sun god, explaining the sudden emergence of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1895" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1895" rel="nofollow">Sol</a> as the chief god on <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> coinage from 310 on.</p><p><br /></p><p>In 312, there was no repeated heavenly vision, but <a href="https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1023&pos=0#Biblical-Coins" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1023&pos=0#Biblical-Coins" rel="nofollow">Christ</a> told Constantine in a dream that the sign he <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had" rel="nofollow">had</a> seen in the sky two years earlier was <a href="https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1023&pos=0#Biblical-Coins" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1023&pos=0#Biblical-Coins" rel="nofollow">Christ</a>'s sign, not <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1895" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1895" rel="nofollow">Sol</a>'s, and he should put it on the shields of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> soldiers before the impending battle with <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=454" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=454" rel="nofollow">Maxentius</a>. </p><p><br /></p><p>The <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=victory" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=victory" rel="nofollow">victory</a> over <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=454" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=454" rel="nofollow">Maxentius</a> convinced Constantine of <a href="https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1023&pos=0#Biblical-Coins" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1023&pos=0#Biblical-Coins" rel="nofollow">Christ</a>'s sponsorship, as he states himself in <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> Letter to the <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0" rel="nofollow">Provincials</a> of the East in 324: he calls upon the Greatest God to end the sufferings of the people of the East, not a vain request, "For under Thy guidance did I begin and bring to completion my salvation-bringing tasks. Carrying Thy Holy Sign before me everywhere, I have led the army to glorious victories....Truly because of this I have consecrated to Thee my own soul...."</p><p><br /></p><p>Why has this simple course of events, with two sudden revelations and changes of devotion by Constantine, not been seen by previous scholars? First because the language of the panegyric is complicated, and needs very careful reading and comparison with Eusebius' description of the heavenly vision. And second because Eusebius' account seems to compress the events of two and a half years into a single day, as though Constantine and <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> army saw the vision one afternoon and that very night Constantine <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had" rel="nofollow">had</a> the dream instructing him to place the sign on the shields of <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his" rel="nofollow">his</a> soldiers.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="curtislclay, post: 4180108, member: 89514"]My summary of Weiss's arguments posted on Forum in 2007: I agree with Jochen that a fundamental advance in this question was made by [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=peter']Peter[/URL] Weiss, The Vision of Constantine, Journal of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0']Roman[/URL] Archaeology 16, 2003, 237-259. The vision in the sky, Weiss contends, was a solar halo, which appeared to Constantine and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] army as he was marching [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=north']north[/URL] to counter a barbarian invasion on the Rhine after eliminating [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=445&pos=0#The-Tetrarchy']Maximian[/URL] at Marseilles early in 310, and which is described in a Latin panegyric delivered before Constantine later in that year. Constantine interpreted this vision as a promise of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=victory']victory[/URL] from the sun god, explaining the sudden emergence of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1895']Sol[/URL] as the chief god on [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] coinage from 310 on. In 312, there was no repeated heavenly vision, but [URL='https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1023&pos=0#Biblical-Coins']Christ[/URL] told Constantine in a dream that the sign he [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had']had[/URL] seen in the sky two years earlier was [URL='https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1023&pos=0#Biblical-Coins']Christ[/URL]'s sign, not [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1895']Sol[/URL]'s, and he should put it on the shields of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] soldiers before the impending battle with [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=454']Maxentius[/URL]. The [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=victory']victory[/URL] over [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=454']Maxentius[/URL] convinced Constantine of [URL='https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=1023&pos=0#Biblical-Coins']Christ[/URL]'s sponsorship, as he states himself in [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] Letter to the [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=55&pos=0']Provincials[/URL] of the East in 324: he calls upon the Greatest God to end the sufferings of the people of the East, not a vain request, "For under Thy guidance did I begin and bring to completion my salvation-bringing tasks. Carrying Thy Holy Sign before me everywhere, I have led the army to glorious victories....Truly because of this I have consecrated to Thee my own soul...." Why has this simple course of events, with two sudden revelations and changes of devotion by Constantine, not been seen by previous scholars? First because the language of the panegyric is complicated, and needs very careful reading and comparison with Eusebius' description of the heavenly vision. And second because Eusebius' account seems to compress the events of two and a half years into a single day, as though Constantine and [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] army saw the vision one afternoon and that very night Constantine [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=had']had[/URL] the dream instructing him to place the sign on the shields of [URL='http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=his']his[/URL] soldiers.[/QUOTE]
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