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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;Roman Collector, post: 3737678, member: 75937&quot;]Mars was the Roman god of war, the son of Jupiter and Juno and the father of Romulus and Remus.</p><p><br /></p><p>He has many epithets in worship, literature, and on coins and in numismatic iconography. <i>Mars Victor</i> (victorious Mars -- duh!) appears bearing a trophy. <i>Mars Gradivus</i> (marching Mars) appears as a warrior taking great strides. The war-god appears with the titles <i>Ultor</i> (the avenger), <i>Propugnator</i> (the defender), <i>Pacifer</i> (the bearer of peace), <i>Conservator</i> (the preserver), and rarely with the epithets of <i>Stator</i> (the one who stays), <i>Adsertor</i> (he who carries an inquiry entirely through), and <i>Pacator</i> (the peace-maker).</p><p><br /></p><p>These two issues of Trebonianus Gallus of Antioch depict him in the complimentary roles of defender and bringer of peace. As defender (<i>propugnator</i>), he is in full battle gear, carrying a spear and shield, his <i>paludamentum</i> trailing behind him, ready to take on the enemy. As bearer of peace (<i>Pacifer</i>), he remains in full battle gear, but offers a branch of peace while tilting his spear away from the enemy.</p><p><br /></p><p>As is apparent on the MARTEM PROPVGNATOREM example, during the reign of Trebonianus Gallus, the issues of the Antioch mint had become severely debased, averaging only 18.9% silver, whereas those issued in Rome were less debased (30.9%), with the least debased being the unknown branch mint previously believed to have been Mediolanum (37.9% silver). See Pannekeet&#039;s paper <a href="https://www.academia.edu/3784962/A_theory_on_how_the_denarius_disappeared_and_the_debasement_of_the_antoninianus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.academia.edu/3784962/A_theory_on_how_the_denarius_disappeared_and_the_debasement_of_the_antoninianus" rel="nofollow">here</a>.</p><p><br /></p><p>Post your coins of Mars!</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1002420[/ATTACH]</p><p>Trebonianus Gallus, AD 251-253.</p><p>Roman AR antoninianus, 3.58 g, 20.7 mm, 5 h.</p><p>Antioch, AD 251.</p><p>Obv: IMP C C VIB TREB GALLVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust, right.</p><p>Rev: MARTEM PROPVGNATOREM, Mars advancing right, carrying transverse spear and shield.</p><p>Refs: RIC 84; RSC 70; RCV 9637; Hunter 59.</p><p>Notes: The reverse inscription is unusually in the accusative case, and probably denotes the &quot;motion toward&quot; aspect of the case: &quot;toward Mars the defender.&quot; Unlike other issues of the Antioch mint, no officina marks are known on examples of this coin.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1002426[/ATTACH]</p><p>Trebonianus Gallus, AD 251-253.</p><p>Roman AR antoninianus, 3.96 g, 20.5 mm, 12 h.</p><p>Antioch, AD 253.</p><p>Obv: IMP C C VIB TREB GALLVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust, right.</p><p>Rev: MARTI PACIFERO, Mars advancing left, holding olive branch and spear.</p><p>Refs: RIC 85; RSC 72; RCV --; Cunetio 412; Eauze 1038.</p><p>Notes: The reverse inscription is here in the dative case, likely a dative of advantage: &quot;for Mars the bearer of peace.&quot; Only 4 examples in the Cunetio hoard; 1 example in the Eauze hoard; however, multiple examples in the Dorchester hoard.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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