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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;-monolith-, post: 24890922, member: 150064&quot;]I&#039;m not an ancient scholar and therefore I cannot confirm nor dispute the statements that Kreuzer, Svoronos, or Oliver Hoover have made. All of them are far more knowledgeable of this subject matter than I am. However, I do believe I have tangible evidence that may support Kreuzer&#039;s theory about the smaller bronze units (1/4 and 1/8 units) being produced under Cleopatra VII. Here&#039;s why:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Cleopatra VII was queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 - 30 B.C.</p><p>2. Ptolemy IV was king of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 221 to 204 B.C.</p><p>3. Arsinoe III (spouse of Ptolemy IV) was queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 220 to 204 B.C.</p><p>4. Octavian engaged in a war of propaganda, forced Antony&#039;s allies in the Roman Senate to flee Rome in 32 BC, and declared war on Cleopatra. After defeating Antony and Cleopatra&#039;s naval fleet at the 31 BC Battle of Actium, Octavian&#039;s forces invaded Egypt in 30 BC and defeated Antony, leading to Antony&#039;s suicide. Basically the control of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt transitioned to Roman control around 30 B.C.</p><p>5. The&nbsp; 1/4 and 1/8 bronze units, along with other larger denominations, were produced with the Greek god Zeus on the obverse and Zeus Salaminios holding grain ears on the reverse (reference coin 1 below). The grain ears were representative of the fertile Nile soil which provide an abundant food source and therefore wealth to the region. However at some point in time, most likely around 30 B.C., the reverse portrait of Zeus holding grain ears was modified to a portrait of Zeus holding a Roman patera (reference coin 2 below).</p><p><br /></p><p>Why was this portrait modified to a Roman symbol? This could not and would not have occurred under Ptolemaic leadership. Therefore I believe this is a transitional coin that was minted shortly after the defeat of Cleopatra VII, sometime around 30 B.C., therefore supporting Kreuzer&#039;s theory that, at least, these coins were produced under Cleopatra VII / Octavian around 30 B.C. and not under Ptolemy IV / Arsinoe III from 221 to 204 B.C.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1598931[/ATTACH]</p><p>Coin 1 - Issued before 30 B.C. under Cleopatra VII (Ptolemaic rule) - not my coin</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1598932[/ATTACH]</p><p>Coin 2 - Issued around 30 B.C. under Cleopatra VII / Octavian (Roman rule) - coin in my collection[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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