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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;Muzyck, post: 2593737, member: 83778&quot;]1933 Coinage of the short lived Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan also know as The Uighuristan Republic or ETR. These were crudely overstruck on other coins of the region. Excerpt taken from Wiki.</p><p><br /></p><p><img src="https://www.cointalk.com/attachments/uighuristan-republic-yd38-1-ah1352-jpg.564066/" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><img src="https://www.cointalk.com/attachments/uighuristan-republic-yd38-1b-ah1352-jpg.564067/" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan</a></p><p><br /></p><p><font size="4"><b>Early 20th century</b></font></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_ETR_in_China.svg" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_ETR_in_China.svg" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/First_ETR_in_China.svg/150px-First_ETR_in_China.svg.png" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></a></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_ETR_in_China.svg" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_ETR_in_China.svg" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Second_ETR_in_China.svg/150px-Second_ETR_in_China.svg.png" class="bbCodeImage wysiwygImage" alt="" unselectable="on" /></a></p><p>The First ETR (1933) existed around <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar" rel="nofollow">Kashgar</a>; the second ETR (1944–1949) around <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulja" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulja" rel="nofollow">Ghulja</a></p><p><br /></p><p>In 1912, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" rel="nofollow">Republican Revolution</a> overthrew the Qing Dynasty and created a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_%281912%E2%80%9349%29" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_%281912%E2%80%9349%29" rel="nofollow">Republic of China</a>. As Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor, fled from Xinjiang, one of his subordinates, Yang Zengxin (杨增新), took control of the province and acceded in name to the Republic of China in March of the same year. In 1921, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" rel="nofollow">Soviet Union</a> officially defined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_people" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_people" rel="nofollow">Uyghurs</a> as the sedentary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" rel="nofollow">Turkic peoples</a> from Chinese Turkestan as part of their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" rel="nofollow">nation building policy in Central Asia</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-3" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-3" rel="nofollow">[3]</a> Multiple insurgencies arose against Yang&#039;s successor Jin Shuren (金树仁) in the early 1930s throughout Xinjiang, usually led by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people" rel="nofollow">Chinese Muslims</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-26" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-26" rel="nofollow">[26]</a> &quot;East Turkestan&quot; became a rallying cry for people who spoke <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" rel="nofollow">Turki</a> and believed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" rel="nofollow">Islam</a> to rebel against Chinese authorities.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-wp-20" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-wp-20" rel="nofollow">[20]</a> In the Kashgar region on November 12, 1933, Uyghur separatists declared the short-lived<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Pan-14" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Pan-14" rel="nofollow">[14]</a> and self-proclaimed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" rel="nofollow">East Turkestan Republic</a> (ETR), using the term &quot;East Turkestan&quot; to emphasize the state&#039;s break from China and new anti-China orientation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-car13-23" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-car13-23" rel="nofollow">[23]</a></p><p><br /></p><p>The First ETR gave political meaning to the erstwhile geographical term of East Turkestan.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Millward-18" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Millward-18" rel="nofollow">[18]</a> However, the Chinese <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord" rel="nofollow">warlord</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" rel="nofollow">Sheng Shicai</a> (盛世才) quickly defeated the ETR and ruled Xinjiang for the decade after 1934 with close support from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" rel="nofollow">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Dillon-27" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Dillon-27" rel="nofollow">[27]</a> Eventually, though, the Soviet Union exploited the change in power from Sheng to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" rel="nofollow">Kuomintang</a> officials to create the puppet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" rel="nofollow">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> (1944–1949) in present-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" rel="nofollow">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a> to exploit its minerals,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Dickens-28" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Dickens-28" rel="nofollow">[28]</a> later justifying it as a national liberation movement against the &quot;reactionary&quot; Kuomintang regime.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-3" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-3" rel="nofollow">[3]</a> Amid the anti-Han programs and policies<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Dillon-27" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Dillon-27" rel="nofollow">[27]</a> and exclusion of &quot;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism" rel="nofollow">pagans</a>&quot;,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-wp-20" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-wp-20" rel="nofollow">[20]</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafir" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafir" rel="nofollow">non-Muslims</a>, from the separatist government,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Dickens-28" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Dickens-28" rel="nofollow">[28]</a> Kuomintang leaders based in Dihua (Ürümqi) appealed to the long Chinese history in the region to justify its sovereignty over Xinjiang. In response, Soviet historians produced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionism" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionism" rel="nofollow">revisionist histories</a> to help the ETR justify its own claims to sovereignty, with statements such as that the Uyghurs were the &quot;most ancient Turkic people&quot; that had contributed to world civilization.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-3" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-3" rel="nofollow">[3]</a> Traditionally, scholars had thought of Xinjiang as a &quot;cultural backwater&quot; compared to the other Central Asian states during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" rel="nofollow">Islamic Golden Age</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Ildiko_2008-12" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Ildiko_2008-12" rel="nofollow">[12]</a> Local British and American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_%28representative%29" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_%28representative%29" rel="nofollow">consuls</a>, also intrigued by the separatist government, published their own histories of the region. The Soviet Uyghur histories produced during its support of the ETR remain the basis of Uyghur nationalist publications today.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-3" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan#cite_note-Ildiko_2007-3" rel="nofollow">[3]</a>[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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