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<p>[QUOTE="DonnaML, post: 6300090, member: 110350"]At least as late as the 1750s in France -- not so long ago, in the grand scheme of things! -- one of the available punishments for crimes like robbery was being "broken on the wheel," quite literally. Naftali Hirtzel Lévy, a first cousin of one of my 5th-great-grandfathers in Alsace, was famously punished that way, although his conviction was overturned six months after his death. Not that it did him much good! See the Jewish Encyclopedia at</p><p><a href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9870-levy-abraham-hirtzel" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9870-levy-abraham-hirtzel" rel="nofollow">http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9870-levy-abraham-hirtzel</a></p><p><br /></p><p>LEVY, HIRTZEL : Alsatian </p><p>martyr; born at Wettolsheim; executed at Colmar, </p><p>Alsace, Dec. 31, 1754. He was accused with three </p><p>other Jews of having stolen property amounting to </p><p>three thousand livres from the house of a widow </p><p>named Madeline Kafin. Notwithstanding that they </p><p>all proved an alibi, he was condemned to "the ordi- </p><p>nary and extraordinary question." He did not con- </p><p>fess and was broken on the wheel the next day. </p><p>The chief Jews of Alsace, convinced of his inno- </p><p>cence, brought the case on appeal before the Privy </p><p>Council of Paris, which reversed the verdict and </p><p>proclaimed Levy innocent June 16, 1755. His re- </p><p>mains were removed from the gallows, enveloped in </p><p>a tallit, and buried in the Jewish cemetery of Jung- </p><p>holtz. </p><p><br /></p><p>My direct ancestor's brother was also charged, but was not convicted. See also <a href="https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Grussenheim/gru001.html" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Grussenheim/gru001.html" rel="nofollow">https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Grussenheim/gru001.html</a> ("On 31 Dec 1754, Hirtzel Lévy, a Jew from Wettolsheim perished in Colmar . . ., as the innocent victim of a judicial error. He was rehabilitated through a judgment of the Parliament in Metz . . . He had been accused by a widow, Madeleine Koppe (Kaufin) of Houssen near Colmar, of breaking into her home during the night of 9-10 Dec 1754 and stealing money, metal and other goods such as smoked pork (!) hanging in the kitchen's fireplace. Also involved in this case were: Feiss, son of Simson (Geismar) of Grussenheim, Menke Lévy of Wettolsheim [<i>the brother of my 5th-great-grandfather</i>] and Moïse Lang of Ribeauvillé. The latter were acquitted after spending a few months in jail. (See Isidore Loeb. “Hirtzel Lévy, mort martyr à Colmar en 1754” in “ Annuaire de la Société des Etudes Juives, Paris, 1881)").[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="DonnaML, post: 6300090, member: 110350"]At least as late as the 1750s in France -- not so long ago, in the grand scheme of things! -- one of the available punishments for crimes like robbery was being "broken on the wheel," quite literally. Naftali Hirtzel Lévy, a first cousin of one of my 5th-great-grandfathers in Alsace, was famously punished that way, although his conviction was overturned six months after his death. Not that it did him much good! See the Jewish Encyclopedia at [URL]http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9870-levy-abraham-hirtzel[/URL] LEVY, HIRTZEL : Alsatian martyr; born at Wettolsheim; executed at Colmar, Alsace, Dec. 31, 1754. He was accused with three other Jews of having stolen property amounting to three thousand livres from the house of a widow named Madeline Kafin. Notwithstanding that they all proved an alibi, he was condemned to "the ordi- nary and extraordinary question." He did not con- fess and was broken on the wheel the next day. The chief Jews of Alsace, convinced of his inno- cence, brought the case on appeal before the Privy Council of Paris, which reversed the verdict and proclaimed Levy innocent June 16, 1755. His re- mains were removed from the gallows, enveloped in a tallit, and buried in the Jewish cemetery of Jung- holtz. My direct ancestor's brother was also charged, but was not convicted. See also [URL]https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Grussenheim/gru001.html[/URL] ("On 31 Dec 1754, Hirtzel Lévy, a Jew from Wettolsheim perished in Colmar . . ., as the innocent victim of a judicial error. He was rehabilitated through a judgment of the Parliament in Metz . . . He had been accused by a widow, Madeleine Koppe (Kaufin) of Houssen near Colmar, of breaking into her home during the night of 9-10 Dec 1754 and stealing money, metal and other goods such as smoked pork (!) hanging in the kitchen's fireplace. Also involved in this case were: Feiss, son of Simson (Geismar) of Grussenheim, Menke Lévy of Wettolsheim [[I]the brother of my 5th-great-grandfather[/I]] and Moïse Lang of Ribeauvillé. The latter were acquitted after spending a few months in jail. (See Isidore Loeb. “Hirtzel Lévy, mort martyr à Colmar en 1754” in “ Annuaire de la Société des Etudes Juives, Paris, 1881)").[/QUOTE]
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