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<p>[QUOTE="Cucumbor, post: 4542569, member: 4298"]Hi CT folks !</p><p><br /></p><p>Why this ?</p><p><br /></p><p>I have for long been admiring electrum staters issued by the bosporan kings. I like the oriental style to them, and the dual portraits on some of them are terrific : as a client state of Rome, the bosporan kingdom was somewhat autonomous, but not to the point where the kings would forget to pay tribute to the Master by not putting their portraits on their coinage.</p><p><br /></p><p>I have no ancient gold coinage yet, but I had the intuition of electrum having a special flavour. Gold and silver : tell me the truth, when you’re about eating a vanilla/chocolate ice cream, I bet you feel a preference for vanilla, no chocolate, no vanilla, no chocolate,….. don’t you ?</p><p><br /></p><p>I had selected a few items at the late april Naville auction. This one was one of them, but out of my range, <i>should </i>things go the right way. They didn’t, so I could concentrate my budget on just one bigger target, and here it is !</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1124522[/ATTACH]</p><p><b>Bosporan kingdom – El stater</b>, dated 491 (194-195 CE)</p><p><b>BACIΛΕωC CAVPOMATOV</b> (anticlockwise). Draped and diademed bust of Sauromates II right</p><p>Laureate head of Septimius Severus right. Star in right field. Retrograd VPA at exergue (year 491)</p><p>7,69 gr – 20 mm</p><p>Ref : MacDonald # 502/2, Sear # 5476 var</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Although we’ve had an outstanding thread by [USER=75937]@Roman Collector[/USER] about the bosporan kingdom not long ago (<a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-great-great-great-grandson-of-marc-antony.359361/#post-4475029" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-great-great-great-grandson-of-marc-antony.359361/#post-4475029">https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-great-great-great-grandson-of-marc-antony.359361/#post-4475029</a>) I thought the following might be of interest nevertheless, especially as it takes place at another time of the era.</p><p><br /></p><p>Also, while doing some research about the bosporan kingdom and the coin, I stumbled across a thread by [USER=56859]@TIF[/USER], about a similar, but slightly better, stater as mine : <a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/weeell-doggies-sauromates-ii-septimius-severus-stater.269821/" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/weeell-doggies-sauromates-ii-septimius-severus-stater.269821/">https://www.cointalk.com/threads/weeell-doggies-sauromates-ii-septimius-severus-stater.269821/</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Anyway, here are an attempt to summarise History of the bosporan kingdom and Sauromates II. I didn’t find so many ressources that I could avoid taking informations from various Wikipedia pages (credit is given at the end of the article)</p><p><br /></p><p><font size="5"><b>The bosporan kingdom</b></font></p><p><br /></p><p>The Bosporan Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus was an ancient Greco-Scythian state. The Bosporan Kingdom was centred around the Kerch Strait between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, known in antiquity as the Cimmerian Bosporus from where the kingdom's name derived (it was not named after the more famous Bosphorus beside Istanbul at the other end of the Black Sea). It was the first truly 'Hellenistic' state in the sense that a mixed population adopted the Greek language and civilization. The Bosporan Kingdom became the longest surviving Roman client kingdom.</p><p><br /></p><p>According to Greek historian Diodorus Siculus the region was governed between 480 and 438 BCE by a line of kings called the Archaeanactidae, probably a ruling family, usurped by a thracian tyrant called Spartocus (438–431 BCE). Spartocus founded a dynasty which seems to have endured until c. 108 BCE, known as the Spartocids. Paerisades V (125-108 BCE), the last of his dynasty, offered his kingdom to Mithridates VI in exchange of the protection for his people and for himself.</p><p><br /></p><p>Mithradates VI also known as Mithradates the Great (Megas) and Eupator Dionysius, was king of Pontus and Armenia Minor in northern Anatolia from about 120–63 BCE. Mithridates is remembered as one of the Roman Republic’s most formidable and successful enemies, who engaged three of the prominent generals from the late Roman Republic in the Mithridatic Wars: Sulla, Lucullus and Pompey. He has been called the greatest ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1124523[/ATTACH]</p><p><font size="3">By Javierfv1212 (talk) - I (Javierfv1212 (talk)) created this work entirely by myself. Sources, Cambridge Ancient history volume 9, Penguin atlas of Greek history and the Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator., Public Domain, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7342782" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7342782" rel="nofollow">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7342782</a></font></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>After the death of Mithridates VI (63 BCE), his youngest son Pharnaces II (63–47 BCE) supplicated to Pompey, and then tried to regain his dominion during Julius Caesar's Civil War, but was defeated by Caesar at Zela and was later killed by his former governor and son-in-law Asander.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1124524[/ATTACH]</p><p><font size="3">By Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. <a href="http://www.cngcoins.com" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.cngcoins.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.cngcoins.com</a>, CC BY-SA 2.5, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75911450" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75911450" rel="nofollow">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75911450</a></font></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>It then became very complicated politics, not something we would see nowadays, I bet <img src="styles/default/xenforo/clear.png" class="mceSmilieSprite mceSmilie8" alt=":D" unselectable="on" unselectable="on" /></p><p><br /></p><p>Asander had married Pharnaces II's daughter Dynamis. Asander and Dynamis were the ruling monarchs until Caesar commanded a paternal uncle of Dynamis, Mithridates II to declare war on the Bosporan Kingdom and claimed the kingship for himself. Asander and Dynamis were defeated by Caesar's ally and went into political exile. However, after Caesar's death in 44 BCE, the Bosporan Kingdom was restored to Asander and Dynamis by Caesar's great nephew and heir Octavian. Asander ruled as an archon and later as king until his death in 17 BCE. After the death of Asander, Dynamis was compelled to marry a Roman usurper called Scribonius, but the Romans under Agrippa intervened and established Polemon I of Pontus (16–8 BCE) in his place. Polemon married Dynamis in 16 BCE and she died in 14 BCE. Polemon ruled as king until his death in 8 BCE. After the death of Polemon, Aspurgus, the son of Dynamis and Asander, succeeded Polemon.</p><p><br /></p><p>The Bosporan Kingdom of Aspurgus was a client state of the Roman Empire, protected by Roman garrisons. Aspurgus (8 BCE – 38 CE) founded a dynasty of kings which endured with a couple of interruptions until 341 CE. Aspurgus adopted the Imperial Roman names "Tiberius Julius" when he received Roman citizenship and enjoyed the patronage of the first two Roman Emperors, Augustus and Tiberius. All of the following kings adopted these two Roman names followed by a third name, of Thracian (Kotys, Rhescuporis or Rhoemetalces) or local origin (such as Sauromates, Eupator, Ininthimeus, Pharsanzes, Synges, Terianes, Theothorses or Rhadamsades).</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The kingdom was probably finally overrun by the Huns, who defeated the nearby Alans in 375/376 CE and moved rapidly westwards towards the Roman empire.</p><p><br /></p><p>The kings adopted a new calendar (the "Pontic era") introduced by Mithridates VI, starting with 297 BCE to date their coins.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><font size="5"><b>Sauromates II</b></font></p><p><br /></p><p>Tiberius Julius Sauromates II was the son and heir of the Bosporan King Eupator by an unnamed woman. Sauromates II was named in honor of Sauromates I, a paternal ancestor of his and a previous Bosporan King.</p><p><br /></p><p>[ATTACH=full]1124525[/ATTACH]</p><p><font size="3">Wikipedia</font></p><p><br /></p><p>Reminder (yes, it’s only ten lines above, but we’ve already forgotten <img src="styles/default/xenforo/clear.png" class="mceSmilieSprite mceSmilie2" alt=";)" unselectable="on" unselectable="on" /> ) : his bosporan royal dynasty had been established in the 1st century CE by Tiberius Julius Aspurgus and his son Mithridates (i.e. the son and grandson, respectively, of Asander and Dynamis). Aspurgus and Mithridates were not only related to the ruling house of Thrace, but were also descendants of both Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus and the Roman triumvir Mark Antony through Antonia Tryphaena, Queen of Thrace and her mother Pythodorida of Pontus.</p><p><br /></p><p>When Eupator died in 173/174 CE, Sauromates II succeeded his father. He reigned as Bosporan King from that date until his death in 210/211 CE. He was a contemporary of the Roman Emperors Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Septimius Severus and Caracalla.</p><p><br /></p><p>Sauromates II had two sons from an unnamed woman, Rhescuporis II and Cotys III. Rhescuporis II succeeded Sauromates II in 210/211 CE, then Cotys III succeeded Rhescuporis II.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><font size="5"><b>Bosporan kingdom coinage</b></font></p><p><br /></p><p>Although considered rare among collectors prior to the demise of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, Bosporan coins are now well known on the international coin markets, hinting at the quantities produced. Several large series were produced by Bosporan cities from the 5th century BC, particularly in Panticapaeum. Gold staters of Panticapaeum bearing Pan's head and a griffin are especially remarkable for their weight and fine workmanship.</p><p><br /></p><p>There are coins with the names of the later Spartocids and a complete series of dated solidi issued by the later or Achaemenian dynasty. In them may be noticed the swift degeneration of the gold solidus through silver and potin to bronze.</p><p><br /></p><p>In order to improve the flagging economy of his kingdom, Sauromates II initiated a series of monetary reforms in 186 that, over the course of a decade, gradually reduced the weight of his bronze coinage while increasing the circulation of the golden stater. In the last decade of the 2nd century AD, the coins of Sauromates II also commonly featured the portrait of Septimius Severus; it is not known whether or not this was a command given by the Roman emperor to his client or if the Bosporan king did this on his own volition.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><font size="5"><b>Resources</b></font></p><p><br /></p><p>Two threads by CT fellows Roman Collector and TIF :</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/weeell-doggies-sauromates-ii-septimius-severus-stater.269821/" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/weeell-doggies-sauromates-ii-septimius-severus-stater.269821/">https://www.cointalk.com/threads/weeell-doggies-sauromates-ii-septimius-severus-stater.269821/</a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-great-great-great-grandson-of-marc-antony.359361/#post-4452744" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-great-great-great-grandson-of-marc-antony.359361/#post-4452744">https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-great-great-great-grandson-of-marc-antony.359361/#post-4452744</a></p><p><br /></p><p>A website dedicated to the coingae of the bosporan kingdom (in russian) :</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://bosporan-kingdom.com/coins_catalog.html?Class=fRameWork&Command=NoCache&page=7&ye=400&ys=-217&usgn=051c" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://bosporan-kingdom.com/coins_catalog.html?Class=fRameWork&Command=NoCache&page=7&ye=400&ys=-217&usgn=051c" rel="nofollow">https://bosporan-kingdom.com/coins_catalog.html?Class=fRameWork&Command=NoCache&page=7&ye=400&ys=-217&usgn=051c</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Wikipedia pages related to History and some characters in the play :</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom</a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus</a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Sauromates_II" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Sauromates_II" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Sauromates_II</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Feel free to post anything relevant : Sauromates related items, Bosporan kingdom, staters, electrum...and susage of course</p><p><br /></p><p>Q[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="Cucumbor, post: 4542569, member: 4298"]Hi CT folks ! Why this ? I have for long been admiring electrum staters issued by the bosporan kings. I like the oriental style to them, and the dual portraits on some of them are terrific : as a client state of Rome, the bosporan kingdom was somewhat autonomous, but not to the point where the kings would forget to pay tribute to the Master by not putting their portraits on their coinage. I have no ancient gold coinage yet, but I had the intuition of electrum having a special flavour. Gold and silver : tell me the truth, when you’re about eating a vanilla/chocolate ice cream, I bet you feel a preference for vanilla, no chocolate, no vanilla, no chocolate,….. don’t you ? I had selected a few items at the late april Naville auction. This one was one of them, but out of my range, [I]should [/I]things go the right way. They didn’t, so I could concentrate my budget on just one bigger target, and here it is ! [ATTACH=full]1124522[/ATTACH] [B]Bosporan kingdom – El stater[/B], dated 491 (194-195 CE) [B]BACIΛΕωC CAVPOMATOV[/B] (anticlockwise). Draped and diademed bust of Sauromates II right Laureate head of Septimius Severus right. Star in right field. Retrograd VPA at exergue (year 491) 7,69 gr – 20 mm Ref : MacDonald # 502/2, Sear # 5476 var Although we’ve had an outstanding thread by [USER=75937]@Roman Collector[/USER] about the bosporan kingdom not long ago ([URL]https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-great-great-great-grandson-of-marc-antony.359361/#post-4475029[/URL]) I thought the following might be of interest nevertheless, especially as it takes place at another time of the era. Also, while doing some research about the bosporan kingdom and the coin, I stumbled across a thread by [USER=56859]@TIF[/USER], about a similar, but slightly better, stater as mine : [URL]https://www.cointalk.com/threads/weeell-doggies-sauromates-ii-septimius-severus-stater.269821/[/URL] Anyway, here are an attempt to summarise History of the bosporan kingdom and Sauromates II. I didn’t find so many ressources that I could avoid taking informations from various Wikipedia pages (credit is given at the end of the article) [SIZE=5][B]The bosporan kingdom[/B][/SIZE] The Bosporan Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus was an ancient Greco-Scythian state. The Bosporan Kingdom was centred around the Kerch Strait between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, known in antiquity as the Cimmerian Bosporus from where the kingdom's name derived (it was not named after the more famous Bosphorus beside Istanbul at the other end of the Black Sea). It was the first truly 'Hellenistic' state in the sense that a mixed population adopted the Greek language and civilization. The Bosporan Kingdom became the longest surviving Roman client kingdom. According to Greek historian Diodorus Siculus the region was governed between 480 and 438 BCE by a line of kings called the Archaeanactidae, probably a ruling family, usurped by a thracian tyrant called Spartocus (438–431 BCE). Spartocus founded a dynasty which seems to have endured until c. 108 BCE, known as the Spartocids. Paerisades V (125-108 BCE), the last of his dynasty, offered his kingdom to Mithridates VI in exchange of the protection for his people and for himself. Mithradates VI also known as Mithradates the Great (Megas) and Eupator Dionysius, was king of Pontus and Armenia Minor in northern Anatolia from about 120–63 BCE. Mithridates is remembered as one of the Roman Republic’s most formidable and successful enemies, who engaged three of the prominent generals from the late Roman Republic in the Mithridatic Wars: Sulla, Lucullus and Pompey. He has been called the greatest ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus [ATTACH=full]1124523[/ATTACH] [SIZE=3]By Javierfv1212 (talk) - I (Javierfv1212 (talk)) created this work entirely by myself. Sources, Cambridge Ancient history volume 9, Penguin atlas of Greek history and the Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator., Public Domain, [URL]https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7342782[/URL][/SIZE] After the death of Mithridates VI (63 BCE), his youngest son Pharnaces II (63–47 BCE) supplicated to Pompey, and then tried to regain his dominion during Julius Caesar's Civil War, but was defeated by Caesar at Zela and was later killed by his former governor and son-in-law Asander. [ATTACH=full]1124524[/ATTACH] [SIZE=3]By Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. [URL]http://www.cngcoins.com[/URL], CC BY-SA 2.5, [URL]https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75911450[/URL][/SIZE] It then became very complicated politics, not something we would see nowadays, I bet :D Asander had married Pharnaces II's daughter Dynamis. Asander and Dynamis were the ruling monarchs until Caesar commanded a paternal uncle of Dynamis, Mithridates II to declare war on the Bosporan Kingdom and claimed the kingship for himself. Asander and Dynamis were defeated by Caesar's ally and went into political exile. However, after Caesar's death in 44 BCE, the Bosporan Kingdom was restored to Asander and Dynamis by Caesar's great nephew and heir Octavian. Asander ruled as an archon and later as king until his death in 17 BCE. After the death of Asander, Dynamis was compelled to marry a Roman usurper called Scribonius, but the Romans under Agrippa intervened and established Polemon I of Pontus (16–8 BCE) in his place. Polemon married Dynamis in 16 BCE and she died in 14 BCE. Polemon ruled as king until his death in 8 BCE. After the death of Polemon, Aspurgus, the son of Dynamis and Asander, succeeded Polemon. The Bosporan Kingdom of Aspurgus was a client state of the Roman Empire, protected by Roman garrisons. Aspurgus (8 BCE – 38 CE) founded a dynasty of kings which endured with a couple of interruptions until 341 CE. Aspurgus adopted the Imperial Roman names "Tiberius Julius" when he received Roman citizenship and enjoyed the patronage of the first two Roman Emperors, Augustus and Tiberius. All of the following kings adopted these two Roman names followed by a third name, of Thracian (Kotys, Rhescuporis or Rhoemetalces) or local origin (such as Sauromates, Eupator, Ininthimeus, Pharsanzes, Synges, Terianes, Theothorses or Rhadamsades). The kingdom was probably finally overrun by the Huns, who defeated the nearby Alans in 375/376 CE and moved rapidly westwards towards the Roman empire. The kings adopted a new calendar (the "Pontic era") introduced by Mithridates VI, starting with 297 BCE to date their coins. [SIZE=5][B]Sauromates II[/B][/SIZE] Tiberius Julius Sauromates II was the son and heir of the Bosporan King Eupator by an unnamed woman. Sauromates II was named in honor of Sauromates I, a paternal ancestor of his and a previous Bosporan King. [ATTACH=full]1124525[/ATTACH] [SIZE=3]Wikipedia[/SIZE] Reminder (yes, it’s only ten lines above, but we’ve already forgotten ;) ) : his bosporan royal dynasty had been established in the 1st century CE by Tiberius Julius Aspurgus and his son Mithridates (i.e. the son and grandson, respectively, of Asander and Dynamis). Aspurgus and Mithridates were not only related to the ruling house of Thrace, but were also descendants of both Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus and the Roman triumvir Mark Antony through Antonia Tryphaena, Queen of Thrace and her mother Pythodorida of Pontus. When Eupator died in 173/174 CE, Sauromates II succeeded his father. He reigned as Bosporan King from that date until his death in 210/211 CE. He was a contemporary of the Roman Emperors Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Septimius Severus and Caracalla. Sauromates II had two sons from an unnamed woman, Rhescuporis II and Cotys III. Rhescuporis II succeeded Sauromates II in 210/211 CE, then Cotys III succeeded Rhescuporis II. [SIZE=5][B]Bosporan kingdom coinage[/B][/SIZE] Although considered rare among collectors prior to the demise of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, Bosporan coins are now well known on the international coin markets, hinting at the quantities produced. Several large series were produced by Bosporan cities from the 5th century BC, particularly in Panticapaeum. Gold staters of Panticapaeum bearing Pan's head and a griffin are especially remarkable for their weight and fine workmanship. There are coins with the names of the later Spartocids and a complete series of dated solidi issued by the later or Achaemenian dynasty. In them may be noticed the swift degeneration of the gold solidus through silver and potin to bronze. In order to improve the flagging economy of his kingdom, Sauromates II initiated a series of monetary reforms in 186 that, over the course of a decade, gradually reduced the weight of his bronze coinage while increasing the circulation of the golden stater. In the last decade of the 2nd century AD, the coins of Sauromates II also commonly featured the portrait of Septimius Severus; it is not known whether or not this was a command given by the Roman emperor to his client or if the Bosporan king did this on his own volition. [SIZE=5][B]Resources[/B][/SIZE] Two threads by CT fellows Roman Collector and TIF : [URL]https://www.cointalk.com/threads/weeell-doggies-sauromates-ii-septimius-severus-stater.269821/[/URL] [URL]https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-great-great-great-grandson-of-marc-antony.359361/#post-4452744[/URL] A website dedicated to the coingae of the bosporan kingdom (in russian) : [URL]https://bosporan-kingdom.com/coins_catalog.html?Class=fRameWork&Command=NoCache&page=7&ye=400&ys=-217&usgn=051c[/URL] Wikipedia pages related to History and some characters in the play : [URL]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom[/URL] [URL]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus[/URL] [URL]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Sauromates_II[/URL] Feel free to post anything relevant : Sauromates related items, Bosporan kingdom, staters, electrum...and susage of course Q[/QUOTE]
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