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Message:: [QUOTE="johnmilton, post: 4564172, member: 101855"]The Printer Who Refused to Move South and Another Misdated Note,       Hoyer & Ludwig was the first truly southern printer to receive a contract from the Confederate Government. After the Southern Banknote Company was unable to fill all of the government’s money printing needs, Hoyer & Ludwig got the contract to print Types 7 through 11 in 1861 as well as some later issues. Louis Hoyer, a wealthy jeweler and real estate speculator, put up the money of the firm. Charles Ludwig, a Swedish immigrant, who claimed to be the illegitimate son of King Oscar I of Sweden, was the lithographer. Since king paid for his education and his passage to America, it would appear that stories of Ludwig’s paternity were true.       Hoyer & Ludwig would continue to print southern notes until 1864, but their output was limited to one and two dollar bills in 1863 and ‘64. In the later years they used plates that were engraved by Keatinge & Ball. In early 1862, President Jefferson Davis asked the note printers to move their operations from Richmond, Virginia because of threats to the Rebel capital from the Union Army. Most of the printers relocated to Columbia, South Carolina, but Hoyer & Ludwig refused to move. They sold their printing rights to James Paterson in May 1862 who moved his operation to Columbia. [ATTACH=full]1130086[/ATTACH] T-46       The last larger bill that Hoyer & Ludwig printed was Type 46. It was a $10 bill which featured of image of Ceres, the goddess of agriculture. Paterson printed more of these notes after his move to Columbia. A portrait of H.M.T. Hunter, who was briefly the Confederate secretary of state, appears in the lower left corner of the note. The note was of mediocre quality.       It is dated “September 2, 1862” which is incorrect. The note was actually authorized in August of 1861. Unlike the Duncan two dollar bill noted earlier, this mistake was not corrected. Standard Designs and Backs Finally Come to Confederate Currency       Treasury secretary, Christopher Memminger, hired Thomas Ball to set up an engraving company that would produce southern currency in August 1861. Ball was a lawyer who used his skills to take care of the office work and provide the firm with some of its capital. He was also handy with a double-barreled shotgun when other printers threatened his business.       The original name of the firm was Leggett, Keatinge & Ball. Leggett and Keatinge were former employees of the American Banknote Company. Secretary Memminger forced Leggett out of the company when it was alleged that he was associating with a Union spy. Leggett joined forces with Blanton Duncan and another engraver and Memminger critic, Frederick Halpin. Halpin had played a part of Blanton Duncan’s phony plot to seize the property of other printers “on behalf of the army and the government.”       Keatinge & Ball, printed and engraved plates from most of the Confederate currency from the end of 1862 until 1864 when the issuance of southern currency ceased. In late 1862 Keatinge & Ball introduced the standard designs that would appear on Confederate currency for the rest of its run. The 1862 notes have been assigned the Type numbers 49 to 55 which cover the denominations from $100 to $1. The colors and the types of paper used would change, but the basic design elements would remain the same for the remainder of the Confederate currency series.        Previously only one of the 48 design types that the Confederacy used on its currency included printing on the back. Starting with T-49, all of the denominations from the $5 bill to the $100 note had a reverse design. It usually included repeated numeric indications of the value of the piece and fine line detail in intricate patterns. The intent was to add another barrier for counterfeiters. The $1 and $2 bills did not have a back design. It was not considered cost effective to provide that extra bit of protection for the low value notes. Here are the Confederate notes from T-49 to T-55 T-49 $100 note [ATTACH=full]1130088[/ATTACH] [ATTACH=full]1130089[/ATTACH] T-50, $50 Note  [ATTACH=full]1130093[/ATTACH] [ATTACH=full]1130094[/ATTACH] T-51. $20 Note [ATTACH=full]1130095[/ATTACH] [ATTACH=full]1130096[/ATTACH]  T-52, $10 Note [ATTACH=full]1130102[/ATTACH] [ATTACH=full]1130103[/ATTACH] To be continued[/QUOTE]

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