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<p>[QUOTE="seth77, post: 4729369, member: 56653"]One or two points -- the denier parisis bearing the name of Robert de Dreux was (and possibly still is) a point of contention between antiquarians, numismatists and historians. For instance Boudeau adds it to Robert I, so contemporary with the large issue of the same denomination minted by Louis VII in the wake of the Second Crusade, which Robert also joined himself (and had to have access to both bullion and coinage). On the other hand, P. Spufford (Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe p. 199) assigns these to Robert II but also an immobilisee issue continued by Robert III well into the 13th century.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>But they are scarce. For instance in the Hoard of Gisors, from 11375 coins, Dreux is represented by around 100 specimens. So a prolonged minting for the type seems unlikely, at least if we compare it to other known contemporary types immobilisee like for instance the denier of La Marche, which is everywhere. Also, the type is not singularly a product of Dreux -- seigneuries close to the Capetians like Abbeville, Saint Quentin or Boulogne also struck these deniers parisii, and the Dreux issue is likely contemporary. We also know that starting with 1191, Philippe II Augustus pushed for a regularization of the coinage in the Kingdom proper and the domains of the vassals of the Crown. Thus the deniers parisii of said seigneuries have to point to this period and to Philippe's idea of unification and stability. Philippe minted his own parisii in the 1190s (ca. 1191 onwards) so these other parisii should date from that period, making this issue of Dreux a Robert II issue.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>You might also check out my post on Robert de Dreux with a parisis from the Hoard of Gisors: <a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-denier-parisis-of-robert-ii-de-dreux-from-the-hoard-of-gisors.342225/" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-denier-parisis-of-robert-ii-de-dreux-from-the-hoard-of-gisors.342225/">https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-denier-parisis-of-robert-ii-de-dreux-from-the-hoard-of-gisors.342225/</a></p><p><br /></p><p>And on the very beginning of feudalism in the general area of Dreux -- namely Nogent-le-Roi: <a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/the-beginning-of-feudalism-in-france-seigneurie-de-nogent-le-roi.340754/" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/the-beginning-of-feudalism-in-france-seigneurie-de-nogent-le-roi.340754/">https://www.cointalk.com/threads/the-beginning-of-feudalism-in-france-seigneurie-de-nogent-le-roi.340754/</a></p><p><br /></p><p>and Dreux-Chateau: <a href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/the-beginning-of-feudalism-in-france-seigneurie-de-nogent-le-roi.340754/#post-3835111" class="internalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.cointalk.com/threads/the-beginning-of-feudalism-in-france-seigneurie-de-nogent-le-roi.340754/#post-3835111">https://www.cointalk.com/threads/the-beginning-of-feudalism-in-france-seigneurie-de-nogent-le-roi.340754/#post-3835111</a>[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="seth77, post: 4729369, member: 56653"]One or two points -- the denier parisis bearing the name of Robert de Dreux was (and possibly still is) a point of contention between antiquarians, numismatists and historians. For instance Boudeau adds it to Robert I, so contemporary with the large issue of the same denomination minted by Louis VII in the wake of the Second Crusade, which Robert also joined himself (and had to have access to both bullion and coinage). On the other hand, P. Spufford (Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe p. 199) assigns these to Robert II but also an immobilisee issue continued by Robert III well into the 13th century. But they are scarce. For instance in the Hoard of Gisors, from 11375 coins, Dreux is represented by around 100 specimens. So a prolonged minting for the type seems unlikely, at least if we compare it to other known contemporary types immobilisee like for instance the denier of La Marche, which is everywhere. Also, the type is not singularly a product of Dreux -- seigneuries close to the Capetians like Abbeville, Saint Quentin or Boulogne also struck these deniers parisii, and the Dreux issue is likely contemporary. We also know that starting with 1191, Philippe II Augustus pushed for a regularization of the coinage in the Kingdom proper and the domains of the vassals of the Crown. Thus the deniers parisii of said seigneuries have to point to this period and to Philippe's idea of unification and stability. Philippe minted his own parisii in the 1190s (ca. 1191 onwards) so these other parisii should date from that period, making this issue of Dreux a Robert II issue. You might also check out my post on Robert de Dreux with a parisis from the Hoard of Gisors: [URL]https://www.cointalk.com/threads/a-denier-parisis-of-robert-ii-de-dreux-from-the-hoard-of-gisors.342225/[/URL] And on the very beginning of feudalism in the general area of Dreux -- namely Nogent-le-Roi: [URL]https://www.cointalk.com/threads/the-beginning-of-feudalism-in-france-seigneurie-de-nogent-le-roi.340754/[/URL] and Dreux-Chateau: [URL]https://www.cointalk.com/threads/the-beginning-of-feudalism-in-france-seigneurie-de-nogent-le-roi.340754/#post-3835111[/URL][/QUOTE]
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