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Message:: [QUOTE="seth77, post: 4267608, member: 56653"]On Monday, my favorite Parisian numismatic shop closed its public office until further notice because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Starting with 2017 they began offering specimens from the Hoard of Puylaurens (Tarn) through their regular auctions and fixed price shop. [ATTACH=full]1087044[/ATTACH] Puylaurens in southern France. This hoard contains 2688 Royal and feudal coins, dating from the 1100s to cca. 1315-1322 (when it seems that the accumulation was hidden and then lost), and is very interesting for many reasons, from which three are close to my main areas of study: 1. the small currencies after the great monetary crisis and the debasement of the early 1300s under Philippe IV le Bel -- the "recovery" of the denier tournois (cca. 1307 and the 1310s) and the possible (probable?) "petits" (tournois and parisii) of the reigns of Louis X and Philippe V; 2. the denier parisis after Philippe II Augustus, mainly the mintage under Louis VIII-IX, Philippe III and/or Louis X, Philippe V(?) 3. the circulation in Occitania, at least by 1315/20 of the denier tournois from the Greek Frankokratia (especially from the Angevin Morea) [ATTACH=full]1086937[/ATTACH] Four deniers tournois from the Puylaurens deposit -- Charles de France as Count of La Marche (1314-1322), non-distinct Achaean mintage post 1280 and two Royal deniers cca. 1245/50 to 1295. The coins here are at least indirectly related to the theme I have touched in Koinon last year (the tournois and the croisette-etoile privy marks) and Duplessy's "Les tresors monetaires medievaux..." where the Puylaurens deposit was, even if rather briefly, discussed is very helpful in clearing some questions regarding the tournois and its privy marks and has been paramount in peaking my interest in the Puylaurens deposit per se. Chronologically, these three cherry-picked specimens here start as early as the first issues of Philippe III, with the croisette mark being carried over from the deniers tournois of Saint Louis, go through the last mass series of deniers tournois of Philippe le Bel before the debasement, with an interesting new mark, the six ray etoile, and end in 1307-1310, after the stabilization of the denier tournois or perhaps as late as 1318, sometime close to the hiding date of the deposit, with the new fleuron cruciforme mark. [ATTACH=full]1086946[/ATTACH]Philippe III (1270-1285)AR18mm, 1.02g, 1270 to 1280+ PhILIPVS ⏷ REX ˟+ TVRONVS ⏷ CIVIS ˟cf. Duplessy 204, Ciani 167/191, Lafaurie 207. The specimen has l'O rond and the croisette is paired here with a triangular stop, a combination of marks that is not recorded by Duplessy, although it does show up from Occitania to as far north as Flanders. [ATTACH=full]1086955[/ATTACH]Philippe IV (1285-1314)AR20x18mm, 1.05g, cca. 1290-1295 + PhILIPPVS * REX+ TVR0NVS * CIVISDuplessy 225A, not in Ciani, Lafaurie 230. The six rays etoile is a known and recorded mark, but it's a rather scarce one. This 1290 to 1295 type was thoroughly hoarded, especially after the double tournois began its descent into debasement, as per Gresham's law of "bad money" driving "good money" out of the market (and into hiding at Puylaurens). The hoarding of better title coinage sometimes ensures that even small series of a certain coinage have a chance of surviving the times. [ATTACH=full]1086982[/ATTACH]Philippe IV (1285-1314) or Philippe V (1316-1322)AR18mm 0.99g, cca. 1307-1310 or by Ordonnance de 1/03/1318+ PHILIPPVS ˟ REX+ TVRONVS [] CIVIScf. Duplessy 223A or 223B (T annuleted instead of oncial as 223B, croisette/sautoir or fleuron cruciforme as privy mark, unrecorded by 323A), Ciani 248, not in Lafaurie. With the likely unrecorded privy mark, the annuleted T (in TVRONVS) and the triangle-ornamented L in (PHILIPPVS), Duplessy assigns this general type to Philippe IV, the late series 1307-1310, while Ciani assigns it to Philippe V -- perhaps minted with the gros tournois emission of March 1st 1318. Although Ciani is usually considered passe, there is a possibility that these distinct and scarce privy marks that have been routinely associated with the stabilization of the denier tournois in 1307 might in fact be from the distinct series of 1318 of Philippe V. Both ids are within the accepted period when it is considered that the deposit was hidden. The petty coinage of before cca. 1295/8-1300 and after 1307 is remarkably consistent as far as billon title is concerned, keeping the denier tournois at 299/1000 silver content. The obvious differences are the privy marks and the shape of some letters (a discussion that is way too complex and dry to be opened by someone like myself, who is still learning). But apart from these considerations which are rather obscure and technical, tresor de Puylaurens has a glimpse into the nature of small-scale commerce cca. late 13th century to early 14th century, and it offers it through this accumulation of petty currency that was reliable and prestigious enough to be both 1. hoarded, while "bad money" was creeping into the market and 2. supplemented by foreign-minted coinage of the same type when the local was under penury.[/QUOTE]

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