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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;19Lyds, post: 1451665, member: 15929&quot;]For this particular year of Lincoln Cent, if the Mintmark (which was applied manually) shows doubling, then it&#039;s more than likely machine doubling.</p><p><br /></p><p>Hub doubling occurs when the die is made. How this occurs is that no die can get a full impression from a working hub with a single pressing. Therefore, after the initial pressing, the die is removed, re-annealed to soften it, then inserted into the hubbing press a secons time. For coins such as the 1968 Lincoln which has a relatively high relief, a third hubbing may be required. At any rate, on second and subsequent hubbings, if the die is not inserted into the hubbing press in the exact same orientation as the initial hubbing, then a doubled image will be put on the die. (Hence the term doubled die).</p><p><br /></p><p>Once the die if fully hubbed, it then gets the mintmark applied.</p><p><br /></p><p>The die making process can best be summed up as:</p><p><br /></p><p>1.............2.................3.................4..................5</p><p>Galvano &gt; Master Hub &gt; Master Die &gt; Working Hub &gt; Working Die</p><p><br /></p><p>Hubs are in relief just like the coins they produce. Dies are in reverse.</p><p><br /></p><p>If a misalignment occurs ANYWHERE in the above process, you&#039;ll end up with a doubled die. If a Working Hub is doubled, then it&#039;ll produce doubled dies in steps 3 to 4 to 5.</p><p><br /></p><p>If doubling occurs between steps 4 and 5, then there&#039;s a strong possibility of a tripled die, or even a quadrubled die.</p><p><br /></p><p>Master Dies are used to create 100&#039;s of Working Hubs.</p><p>Working Hubs are used to create 100&#039;s of Working Dies.</p><p>Therefore, doubling on a Working Hud can effectively appear on hundreds of Working Dies.</p><p><br /></p><p>The step where the doubling occurs &quot;usually&quot; dictates the quantity of coins available &quot;unless&quot; the error is detected. After that, the value of a coin falls under how many were made vs how many folks actually want them.</p><p><br /></p><p>Doubled Dies can be rotated Hub Doubling (Around a point central to the coins image) or Pivoted Hub Doubling (around a point that is NOT central to the coin) or even distorted Hub Doubling. Distorted Hub Doubling occurs when the Working die actually distorts during the annealing process creating an uneven surface or warpage on the die face. </p><p><br /></p><p>Ugh! Got carried away.</p><p><br /></p><p>If the doubling is flat or shelf like and it also occurs on the mintmark, then its a maching double coin. Machine doubling can be isolated to a specific area on the coin or in some extreme cases, on the entire coin.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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