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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;Larry Moran, post: 554859, member: 4580&quot;]Thanks, folks.&nbsp; </p><p><br /></p><p>Collars must have varied in thickness and served, usually, to merely hold the planchet in place until the hammer die descended.&nbsp; During actual compression, the planchet would not be going anywhere, except that like clay, as it is compressed between two dies, metal &#039;squooshes&#039; out the sides if the strike is too deep.&nbsp; On perfect&nbsp; strikes, nothing would protrude much beyond the rims, if at all.&nbsp; Some tokens show a depressed ring around the edges, possibly caused by two different effects: 1) a thin collar could cause a depression where some hot metal had flowed beyond it, or 2) the metal expanded at the top and bottom, but less or none in the cooler center of the edge of the planchet.</p><p><br /></p><p>Cuds are not collar defects generally, but defects at the rim of the die, remembering that these rims and dentils were cut into the die.&nbsp; So a cud is similar to a die chip or a die crack, reflecting a depression in the die, and creating a higher area on the token.</p><p><br /></p><p>To some extent, a lot was happening at the surface of the planchet but little was happening to the center of the planchet.&nbsp; At the surface, heat, gases, and pressure caused flow lines to arise on the dies and they were stamped into the tokens.&nbsp; At the center the physical structure of the planchet remained intact.&nbsp; Only a planchet&#039;s outwardmost surfaces became molten and plastic.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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