The coin is probably just slightly heavy. It would only have to be .16 over to round up to the 12 grams, this would still be within mint tolerance.
Sure, lots of them. Quality control was not very good in some of the private mints making colonials. As long as they would circulate there was...
It is worth a quarter, just a normal quarter that has been painted. If painting made them valuable everyone would be painting their quarters!
So I take it that you now concede that it is just glue?
That would be a fake trade dollar. Genuine ones were not minted until 1873 so the date is a dead giveaway.
With the new better pictures, 100% no doubt, certain, glue, not an error. Soak it in acetone, don't dab at it, it won't hurt it. Positively, glue.
Try soaking the coin in acetone, I suspect the "error" will disappear. The acetone will not harm the coin.
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