Mn. Fonteius Obverse: MN FONTEI C•F, laureate head of Apollo (?) right Reverse: Cupid (?) on goat right; above, piles; in exurgue, thyrsus; surrounded by laurel wreath and dots Crawford 353/1c, 20mm, 3.85g, minted at Rome in 85 BC I’d had my eye on one of these for a while, and when I finally saw one in good condition at the right price, I pulled the trigger. Feel free to share your own examples of this coin or other goat coins, as well as your thoughts on their symbolism. When I actually started researching the coin, always one of my favorite things about buying a new coin, I discovered that there was quite a bit of debate over what it actually depicts, and what the significance of it might be. The discussion below is more to organize my research than anything else, but I thought I’d go ahead and share it as well. ____________ The winged child atop a goat on the reverse is identified as everything from a symbol of Vejovis, young Jupiter, Cupid, or even an infant Bacchus. The inclusion of the caps of the Dioscuri and the thyrsus of Bacchus further complicates the identification. Crawford suggests that the Dioscuri caps are a reference to the Fonteia gens’ origins in Tusculum, as it was a major site for their cult, and the same imagery appears on other Fonteia issues. The wings on the child make it seem unlikely to be Jupiter, and although the thyrsus is certainly Bacchic, I was unable to find any depictions of Bacchus as an infant from this period. The reverse remains enigmatic. The obverse bust is sometimes described as Vejovis, or Apollo-Vejovis. Vejovis is an obscure deity who was associated with goat statuary, but otherwise very little information on his identity or purpose is known. While this would explain the meaning of the reverse very nicely, it isn’t so simple: one article I found points out that the goat associated with Vejovis was female, while the one on the coin is male. Furthermore, the bust has a thunderbolt beneath it, but Ovid specifically says that Vejovis carries no thunderbolt. It is suggested that the attribute of the thunderbolt may be associated with syncretic worship of Apollo, as coins of this time were beginning to use deific symbols more generically, with the grain ear starting to represent abundance, rather than Ceres specifically. Crawford further argues that the monogram that appears on some varieties of the coin (not on mine) should be read as Apollo. Politically, Apollo may be associated with Marian/Cinnan moneyers, as he frequently appears on their issues, either as a reference to the troubled times of civil war, or more specifically to the plague of 87. Monogram on variants of the Mn. Fonteius issue; some say it represents ROMA, but Crawford believes it should be read Apollo Another interesting aspect of this coin is that it might be connected to Cicero. The identity of the Manius Fonteius who issued this coin is obscure, but Cicero represented a man usually identified as Marcus Fonteius, propraetor of Gallia Narbonensis, on charges of extortion and misgovernment. Notably, Cicero’s defense says that his client once served as a triumvir monetales, a moneyer. No coins are known to exist for a Marcus Fonteius, but Crawford assigns his speculative issue the number 347, and states that he may have been a brother or relative of the Manius who issued this coin. However, one author points out that the manuscripts for Cicero’s defense would have identified his client only as M. Fonteius, and that it would have been a small and relatively common error for Mn. Fonteius to be corrupted into M. Fonteius. Therefore, it is possible that the Manius Fonteius who issued this coin was Cicero’s client, and that there was no moneyer called Marcus Fonteius. At any rate, the family must have changed their political allegiance at some point: Cicero’s client would have been part of the Cinnan government when he was a moneyer, but he survived and thrived after Sulla’s victory as well. This coin is a good example of the tenuousness of numismatic iconography, and of ancient art in general, in the absence of inscriptional evidence. Sources: Crawford’s Roman Republican Coins Political Propaganda on Roman Republican Coins: Circa 92-82 B.C., by T.T. Luce, published in American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 72, No. 1 Pro Mn. Fonteio C.f., by Mark Passehl, published in the Journal of Ancient Numismatics, Volume 1, issue 2
Better than my example, congrats. MN FONTEIUS CF (85 B.C.) AR Denarius O: Laureate head of Apollo Vejovis right, M FONTEI CF behind, thunderbolt below, ROMA monogram below chin. R: Infant Genius riding goat right, caps of the Dioscuri above, filleted thyrsos below. Rome 4g 20mm Cr353/1a
Nice coin! This is and has since I began collecting been one of my favorite types. Mine is the variety with the monogram on it. Whether it should be read as Roma or Apollo I'm undecided on personally, but neither one seems completely implausible.
The Initiatory Mithraic (and other)mysteries probably would help understand the symbology on this obviously very special coin. The Dioscuri were revered and worshiped all over the world and by different wisdom streams and cultures. One of them was called Apollo by some. They were Male and female deities in Ancient Egypt. Here on this image you see where The torch lines up with the twin stars/Gemini. The staff joins the two water signs Scorpio and Pisces while the GOAT/Capricornus is on the horizontal axis across from Crab/Cancer. This lines up with the generative organs and so involves direct gestation of a new AEON= the winged baby genius on the animals back. A deeper study of how the planetary Earth nodal axis aligns with specific other planetary orbital nodal axes along the Capricorn/Cancer line reveals some interesting connections.
If I were going to use a monogram of a name not usually shown in that form, I would make some effort to make it different from the standard monogram of a word often shown as a monogram. I see Roma.
Now, @Mike Margolis may have hit the nail on the head, but I'd like to offer an alternative explanation. I don't think it's a crazy idea that the young boy riding the goat on your coin may be Jupiter. The Jupiter conjecture arises out of the possibility that the goat depicted is Amalthea. If you'll bear with me, I'd like to conjecture a bit more. Some mythological and astronomical background: Amalthea was the she-goat who nourished Zeus with milk in a cave on Mount Dicte in Crete. When the god reached maturity he created his thunder-shield (the aigis) from her hide and the cornucopiae or keras amaltheias from her crown. In classical art, the aigis-shield of Zeus is often depicted as a tasseled goat hide slung across his arm. It's also important to note that Zeus (think thunderbolts) was believed to be responsible for stormy weather; there is a connection between the goat-skin shield and such weather. After her death, Amaltheia was placed among the stars* as the constellation Capra (goat in Latin)--the stellar group surrounding Capella on the arm of the Auriga the Charioteer. Now, αἴξ (aix) means goat in Greek and the Greek name for the star Capella, αἴξ ὠλένιος, means goat in the elbow because that star lies in the elbow of Auriga. This term for the star as a goat appears in Aratus, Phaenomena 162-164 (Greek astronomical poem 3rd century B.C.), which begins, "The holy Goat (Aix), that, as legend tells, gave the breast to Zeus ..." (trans. Mair). The rising of Capella marked the onset of stormy weather for the Greeks. The word αἰγίς (aigis) means both "stormy weather" and "goat-skin" in ancient Greek, which explains the close connection between the two in myth. Now, here's where I engage in conjecture. Suppose that is Amalthea on your coin. What is she doing near the Dioscuri? Remember, the Dioscuri are the twins (Gemini) Castor and Pollux. Remember that Auriga, the charioteer who holds the sacred goat Amalthea (the star Capella) in his elbow, is right next to the Dioscuri in the sky: Now, what's that thyrsus doing in the exergue of your coin? Well, the thyrsus is the symbol of Bacchus, who is the ruler of Taurus, and Taurus lies below Gemini and Auriga in the night sky, as the above star map shows. So, the reverse of your coin may depict Gemini, Auriga and Taurus. I don't think this is too farfetched, though it's unlikely we'll ever know the true meaning of the iconography on your coin. ~~~ *Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 36 (trans. Celoria): "When Rhea, fearing Kronos (Cronus), hid Zeus in the Kretan (Cretan) cavern, a goat [Amaltheia] offered her udder and gave him nourishment. By the will of Rhea a Golden Dog (Kuon Khryseos) guarded the goat. After Zeus drove out the Titanes and deprived Kronos (Cronus) of power, he changed the goat into an immortal, there is a representation of her among the stars to this day. He ordered the Golden Dog to guard this sacred spot in Krete (Crete)."
Here's one of mine. Hard to find with a complete and fully-struck wreath. Even this one could be a bit better around 7:00. I've no thoughts on the identity of the kid on the goat, but I really doubt Crawford's assertion that the monogram stands for Apollo. To my eye it does bear a reasonable resemblance to the Roma monogram on denarii of L. Piso Frvgi five years earlier, given that there's no reason to think the engraver is the same on the two issues. Until the engraver's working notes turn up I'll go with Roma. Phil Davis.
One more quick point about this issue: Crawford 353/1b, with both C.F. and the monogram before Apollo, is excessively rare and under-appreciated by collectors. I looked into this in some depth awhile back and could find no example other than the Cosa Hoard specimen cited by Crawford. My friend Pierluigi Dibarnardi recently discovered and published in Numismatic Chronicle a second specimen. It's surprising really that Crawford gave this its own sub-category, as it's pretty clearly an engraver's error, the sort of thing he typically notes in a note (so to speak.) I badly want one, if anyone has a third example lying around!
Shh. You're going to ruin my chances of finding one on the cheap telling everyone about it like that. Just kidding. But I am always on the lookout.
I'm very impressed by all of the thought that's gone into this! I hadn't considered astrological significance at all, and that's something I know nothing about. Definitely worthy of further research, as is this coin in general. The more I look at the monograms posted here, the more I see ROMA, but who knows. Regardless, I still think the identification of Apollo is reasonable over Vejovis. I looked at some of the original writings, and Ovid seems to only be speculating about what Vejovis looks like or represents. That seems to imply that he was almost completely forgotten by his time, and unlikely to have appeared on a coin from slightly earlier.
GOATS! RR Fonteius 85 BC AR Den Apollo tbolt Cupid Goat Pilei Wreath Sear 271 Craw 353-1a Obv-Rev RR AR Denarius 3.88g L Pomponius Molo 97 BCE Rome Apollo Numa Pompilius stdng Lituus alter sacrifice goat Cr 334-1 Syd 607 RR C Renius AR Denarius 18mm 3.8g Roma 138 BC Helmeted hd Roma r X - C RENI ROMA Juno driving biga goats r whip reins scepter Cr 231-1 RR Cn Plancius 55 BCE Macedonia causia Cretan Goat quiver Sear 396 Craw 432-1
THRACO-MACEDONIAN TRIBES, MYGDONES or KRESTONES AR Obol OBVERSE: Goat kneeling left, head reverted, solid rosette above, pellet to left REVERSE: Quadripartite incuse square Struck at Thrace, 480-470 BC .79g, 11mm Lorber, Goats, Issue 6; AMNG III 14 (Aigai); HPM pl. III, 16; Traité pl. XLIX, 8; SNG ANS Ex-NN Auction 46 MACEDONIA, THESSALONICA AE19 OBVERSE: Laureate head of Zeus left REVERSE: Two rampant goats, monogram in lower center fiekd Struck at Thessalonica 187-168 BC 6.6g, 19mm SNG Cop 350. Moushmov 6595 C RENIUS AR Denarius OBVERSE: Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind REVERSE: Juno Capriotina in biga of goats right, C RENI below goats, ROMA in ex Struck at Rome 138 BC 3.6g, 16mm Cr231/1, Syd 432 AEOLIS, AIGAI AE 10 OBVERSE: Laureate head of Apollo right REVERSE: Head and neck of a goat, AIΓAE behind Struck at Aigai, 300-200BC .9g, 10mm SNG von Aulock 1593; SNG Copenhagen 1 Ex JAZ Numismatics L POMPONIUS MOLO ROMAN REPUBLIC; GENS POMPONIA AR Denarius OBVERSE: Laureate head of Apollo right; L POMPON MOLO around REVERSE: Numa Pompilius standing right before altar preparing to sacrifice a goat which is being held by a youth; NVMA POMPIL in exergue Struck at Rome 97 BC 3.7g, 18mm Crawford 334/1; Pomponia 6 CN. PLANCIVS ROMAN REPUBLIC; GENS PLANCIAAR Denarius OBVERSE: CN.[PLANCIVS] AED.CVR.S.C. around Diana Planciana right, wearing petasus, earring, and necklace REVERSE: Cretan goat right; bow and quiver behind Rome 55 BC 18mm, 3.6g Cr 432/1
I picked this one up in an Ares auction in January and thought it would be somewhat appropriate to post for Valentines Day (if, in fact, it really is Cupido cruising around on that goat)... Of course my research brought me to this awesome thread from two years ago that contains an incredible amount of info and debate. Here is my contribution, which also happens to be my first RR PS - I'm in love with the portrait on the obverse.. it's been sitting on my desk for weeks now and I cant seem to put it away. Whenever I have a tough e-mail I have to write, I find myself staring at the portrait for a while and just zone out. Don't tell my boss. M. Fonteius 85 BC AR 3.70g 20mm Obv: Head of Apollo Vejovis right, M FONTEI CF Rev: Cupido seated on goat, caps of Dioscuri above Crawford 353/1 Edit: WOW, that's a terrible picture... here is the sellers pic