"..."By mid-November, approximately half of the country's larger cities were using loan certificates 'or other substitutes for legal money,' according to a survey conducted just after the Panic ..." Via E-Sylum, Roger Lowenstein, https://www.coinbooks.orLg/esylum_v19n05a20.html
"Panic Scrip of 1893, 1907, 1914: An Illustrated Catalog of Emergency Monetary Issues" Neil Shafer Tom Sheehan