Featured Greek art, fame and fake news : the Tyche of Antioch

This pentanummion (a 5 nummia coin) circulated in Antioch under Justin I (518-527). It represents the centuries-old statue of the Tyche of Antioch, in a distyle shrine.

Justin I (518-527), AE pentanummion, Antioch.
Obv.: d N IVƧTINVƧ P P AVC, diad. dr. and cuir. bust r.
Rev.: the Tyche of Antioch veiled, wearing mural crown, holding branch, seated l. in distyle shrine, river Orontes swimming at her feet, large Э.

The period is purely Christian, but this pagan deity in her temple could still be seen on new coins ! An intellectual like John Malalas, who lived and served in Antioch in the 520s, used coins like this one everyday. For him, this statue had a special history : it was the statue of a poor virgin girl named Aimathe who was sacrificed by the king Seleucus when he founded Antioch, many centuries ago. This is what he wrote in his Chronographia:
"... where the village of Bottia was, across from Iopolis, there he [Seleucus Nicator] staked out the foundations of the wall, and through the agency of Amphion the high priest and officiant of the mysteries he sacrificed a virgin girl by the name of Aimathe in the space between the city and the river on the 22nd of Artemisios, or May, at the first hour of the day, as the sun was rising. He called [the city] after the name of his own son who was called Antiochus Soter. And he straightway established a temple, which he called that of Zeus Bottios. And he swiftly raised the tremendous walls through the agency of Xenarios the architect. He set up a bronze stele in the form of a statue of the maiden who had been offered as a sacrifice as the tyche of the city above the river, and at once he made a sacrifice to her as the Tyche."

Of course it was 100% fake news, forged by Christian propagandists to vilify the old Hellenic religion.

Actually, this Tyche of Antioch was a colossal early 3rd c. BC bronze statue made by the sculptor Eutychides of Sycion, a pupil of Lysippus and, according to Pliny, a representative of the last generation of talented Greek sculptors. His floruit was the 121st Olympiad : 296-293 BC. He made a bronze statue of the river Eurotas for the city of Sparta, and a statue of Liber Pater (probably a Dionysos) which could be seen at Rome in the art collection of Asinius Pollio. Another one of his works, a named Timosthenes of Elis, winner of the foot race, could be seen at Olympia.

His most famous work was the colossal bronze statue of the Tyche of Antioch on the Orontes, a veiled young lady wearing a mural crown, wrapped in her himation, sitting on a rock, with a nude young man swimming in a stream at her feet and representing the Orontes river. It was in the Tychaion, her temple, and was represented on Antioch coins since the Hellenistic times.

3rd and 4th c. coins of Antioch with this Tyche (Elagabalus, Trebonianus Gallus, Maximinus II) :


Under the Roman Empire, the statue became very famous. Small-scale reproductions in marble or bronze were sold to customers from everywhere. The finest marble replica was found in Rome and his now at the Vatican Museum, smaller bronze replicas could be found even in western Europe. In Syria, it became a standard : many cities in north Syria and Mesopotamia copied this model for their own Tyche.

 

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Uggh, hate the contexts of that "fake news" term, but thanks for the rundown. Do you have a picture of the Vatican reproduction?

 

Good write up and fantastic array of coinage.

 

Here is the Vatican statue. It has been found in Rome, I don't know where precisely. The inscription on the base is modern, it says it was offered py pope Pius VI (pope 1775-1799).

 

Interesting article and coin examples on the Tyche of Antioch, @GinoLR!

The reverse of this tetradrachm has another depiction of the statue:



Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD). AR Tetradrachm (26mm, 15.10 g, 12h). Antioch mint, Seleucis Pieria, Syria. Dated year 29 of the Actian Era and Cos. XII = October-December 3 BC. ΚAIΣAPOΣ ΣΕ-BAΣTOY (‘of Augustus Caesar’), laureate head of Augustus right, bead and reel border / ETOYΣ ΘΚ NIKHΣ ( 'Year 29 of the victory'), Tyche, holding palm frond in right hand, seated right on rocky outcropping; at her feet, half-length figure of river-god Orontes swimming right; in right field two monograms and IB (consular date) to right, border of dots.

In a thread that I started several years ago, https://www.cointalk.com/threads/antioch-on-the-orontes.370411/ , I included a photo of a statuette from the 1st-2nd century that is similar to the statue in the Vatican that is posted above.

 

Superb tetradrachm ! Because this coin is dated from the "Victory era" the corn-ears in the Tyche's hand have been replaced by a palm, symbol of victory.
It's funny to see that the views of this statue on coins are sometimes seen from the left, the right, or from front.

The statue by Eutychides was remembered as late as the 13th c. On the Peutinger Map, a 13th c. copy of a late Roman road map of the world from Britain to India, three cities only are figured by an enthroned personification : Rome, Constantinople and Antioch. The personification of Antioch is not, at first sight, the Tyche of Eutychides : it derives from the enthroned Justinian we can see on folles of "Theoupolis", the new name of Antioch refounded by this emperor c. 538.

On the Peutinger Map (or its source, which therefore should be some 6th c. document, like the Madaba Mosaic Map) the enthroned Justinian was understood as the personification of Antioch, and modified in order to resemble the old Eutychides statue : at the feet of the enthroned personification of the city, there is a smaller nude young male character extending his arms : obviously the swimming Orontes of Eutychides' statue...

 

A very interesting thread, with excellent examples posted!

Tigranes II of Armenia incorporated the seated Tyche in his now abundant tetradrachms.

Tigranes II, tetradrachm, Tigranokerta,, circa 80-68. BC. From Roma E-Sale 119 (their final auction), Day 1, lot 530.
Kovacs 74.1
15.76 grams

 

Two years ago I visited the British Museum in London and took this picture. These four gilded silver statuettes were part of the Esquiline Treasure found at Rome in the 19th c. They date back to the late 4th c. (under Theodosius I probably) and were ornaments of a piece of furniture, probably a chair or litter, for a high ranking Roman magistrate or officer.

They represent the Tyches or personifications of the four most important cities of the empire. From left to right : Rome, Antioch, Alexandria and Constantinople. All have their distinctive attributes : Rome is seated with a shield, Antioch has the Orontes swimming at her feet, Alexandria (figured like Rome) holds a cornucopia, Constantinople (figured like Rome too but wearing a mural crown like Antioch) has a foot on a galley prow.
All of them are facing in a frontal position, but Antioch turns her head and is sitting on her rock, her body like an S., a posture typical of Greek hellenistic 4th and 3rd c. BC sculpture...

 

Here's a Roman provincial coin, quite corroded and very dark, but with an interesting reverse. I think I posted it a couple of years ago - foggy memory. The unusual reverse design was the primary reason for the purchase.

This coin is a tough one to photograph, and I apologize for the poor quality. I'll try again in the near future.

This bronze coin is from Coele, Syria, Damascus and the reverse depicts goddesses below a larger figure above (Artemis or Fortuna?). There's smaller figure to the left. The goddess appear to be forms of Tyche.

Marcia Otacilia Severa (wife of Philip the Arab), Coele, Syria, Damascus. Æ 27, AD 244-249.
17.56 grams

 

Very interesting coin, yes, and of course scarce like most of the large city-coins. The Tyche of Damascus seems to have been designed after the Tyche of Antioch in the early 1st c. BC. The oldest coins on which she is represented date back to the Nabataean occupation of the city under Aretas III "Philhellene". She is a tyche draped, wearing a mural crown, sitting on a rock, holding a cornucopia and extending her right hand which holds a certain vertical object (what was it?), at her feet a river-god swimming, it must be the "Chrysorrhoas", today Wadi Barada. The Tyche of Damascus will be represented on coins of this city until the end of local coinage under Valerian, always seen from profile (unlike the Tyche of Antioch who may frequently be represented from front).

On your coin the small figure on the left is a Marsyas, symbol of the promotion of the city to colonial status. On the lower register there are four other standing tyches wearing mural crowns and raising hand, number 3 is sacrificing on altar. I don't know what they mean...

The early 3rd c. BC statue of the Tyche of Antioch by Eutychides has been the prototype of many other tyches in Syria and Mesopotamia. As far as I noticed, the southernmost "eutychidian" Tyche is probably the Tyche of Gerasa (Jerash, Jordan) seen on local coins of Marcus Aurelius and Elagabalus.

In Doura Europos there was a 3rd c. fresco (now at the Yale University) from the Temple of Palmyrene Gods showing the tribune Julius Terentius sacrificing in front of a group of statues, the three sanding Bel, Yahribol and Aglibol, and two seated "eutychidian" tyches withy their names in Greek, today unreadable : "Tyche of the Palmyrenes" and "Tyche of Doura".



There is an old drawing attempting to restore the image, but it may not be 100% accurate :

 

There is another large bronze of Antioch, a 8 assaria coin: see the H in exergue, H means 8 in Greek.



Severus Alexander, Antioch on the Orontes.
Obv.: [ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙ] ΜΑΡ ΑΥΡ ϹΕ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟϹ Ϲ, laureate bust of Severus Alexander, left, holding eagle-tipped sceptre and shield
Rev.: ΑΝΤΙΟΧ[ΕΩΝ ΜΗΤΡΟ] ΚΟΛ / Δ Ε / S C / Η, Tyche of Antioch seated on rock, left, holding corn ears, looking back; at her feet, river god Orontes swimming, left; to left, another Tyche (?) standing facing, head right, holding rudder and cornucopia; to right, the Emperor standing, left, holding parazonium and crowning the Tyche of Antioch

This group is probably inspired by a group of statues erected in the theatre of Antioch by Trajan, to commemorate the reconstruction of the city after a major earthquake. It represented the Tyche of Antioch, in gilded bronze, crowned by the hellenistic kings Seleucos I and Antiochos I. This group has now disappeared of course, but is mentioned by John Malalas who tells it was another poor virgin who was sacrificed by Trajan and named Calliope.

 

Thanks!

I think the reverse depicts a hierarchy of goddesses, at least based on size, very much in the way some Medieval period art depicts importance on the size of the figures. That's just a guess. Why four tyches? I'm not sure.

The con originally had an artificial sand patina. That helped the contrast a lot and came off quick in water.

I never thought of the seated Justinian I as a personification of Antioch but I see the link. That would explain why this type is limited to Antioch and not other mints as one would assume. This type is certainly hard to find in decent condition, and your coin is a very nice example.

Here's one of my better examples, from a Roma group lot a few years ago:

Justinian I, follis, Theopolis (Antioch), officina B, 527-565.
SB 214
15.0 grams