Featured Trajan: the Best Emperor and the Mystery of the River God

Severus Alexander · Jul 4, 2018

OK, you have definitely outknowledged me on this one. I am going to move in your direction, but not all the way! Because I am stubborn.

1) Fair point that the Romans already considered the Danube to be, well, Roman!

2) You've convinced me that the canal was a huge part of his taming the Danube to allow for more substantial trade, but I do think there are other aspects to this, including his construction of the bridge, the riverside road, and the many fortresses & ports including the Diana fortress which controlled the entrance to the canal... or do you consider that to be "part" of the canal? At least one source also says that Trajan enhanced the river fleets too! All of this would contribute towards making the Danube a safe, navigable, tradeworthy route and something for Trajan to celebrate on his coins.

So I would suggest the coin represents the taming of the Danube (primarily for the purposes of trade, that's what I meant originally), with the canal representing a large portion of this achievement... but not all of it. If he wanted a coin to represent the canal specifically, then why not name and depict, well, a canal, for pete's sake?

Let me reiterate how wonderful your writeup is though. And I'm fully prepared to acknowledge that you're more likely to be right due to greater expertise! Well done, sir! I look forward to your next one, which I understand may also feature the Danube to some extent.

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Ancient Aussie · Jul 4, 2018

zumbly said: ↑

This one arrived in the mail a few days ago. I'm always tickled when I see one of these auctioned in a similar grade with the caption "Affordable Circus Maximus Sestertius". It's safe to say I'm never going to own one of the unaffordable ones .

In any case, I'm really pleased with my budget example. I've always wanted one as a memento of my visit to Rome. I have fond memories of taking a break from sightseeing and relaxing at a spot overlooking the open park area where the Circus once stood.

View attachment 795229
TRAJAN
AE Sestertius. 25.21g, 34.4mm. Rome mint, circa AD 103-104. RIC II 571; Woytek 175a. O: IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V P P, laureate, draped bust right. R: S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, view of the Circus Maximus, showing a colonnaded front (the Duodecim Portae), with arched gateway surmounted by facing quadriga; on right, a similar arch with quadriga, and another arch surmounted by quadriga facing right, temple of Sol along back wall; within from left to right, meta, equestrian statue of Trajan, obelisk of Augustus, shrine of Cybele, and a second meta; S C in exergue.
Click to expand...

Great pick up zumbly, still enough reverse detail to get the idea of what it looked like. It amuses me as well that it and the Colosseum coin termed "affordable" that in my book still aren't cheap. Congratulations, I'm jealous...

galba68 · Jul 4, 2018

Curtisimo said: ↑

View attachment 792363
Roman Empire
Trajan (AD 98 – 117)
AR Denarius, Rome mint, struck ca. AD 107 – 108
Dia.: 19.1 mm
Wt.: 2.94 g
Obv.: IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P; Trajan laureate bust right, left shoulder draped.
Rev.: COS V PP SPQR OPTIMO PRINC; Danube, velificatio, reclining on rocks, right hand holding the prow of a ship. Left arm resting on overflowing container of water. DANVVIVS in exergue.
Ref.: RIC II 100

The Best!

When I refer to Trajan as “the best” my intention is not to clickbait everyone into an argument about who should be considered the best Roman emperor (even though that kinda sounds like fun…). OPTIMVS PRINCEPS (the best first citizen, I.E. the best emperor) was an actual title given to Trajan by the senate due to his ability to hold power while keeping the people appeased and the senate feeling important. While modern observers can rightly debate the merits of this emperor or that and what it means to be the best, for the majority of ancient Romans in the 2nd or 3rd century who had an opinion on the subject the choice was clear: Trajan was the man. So much so that at the inauguration of many subsequent emperors by the senate the Latin phrase Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano (Trans.: “be more fortunate that Augustus [and] better than Trajan”) was wished upon the new emperor [2].

Even more fascinating is that Trajan’s reputation as the greatest and most just of emperors echoed deep into the middle ages where stories of his justice were commonplace. In one such story the emperor decreed that all murderers should be subject to the same fate as their victims. When Trajan’s young (non-existent) son accidently drowned his playmate in a river the heartbroken emperor had him thrown into the Tiber. God was so approving of this dedication to the law that he sent an angel to deliver both children back to the emperor unharmed (see Figure 1).

View attachment 792364
Figure 1 – The Just Verdict of Trajan (ca. AD 1500). Photo courtesy of Museum of Fine Arts Boston (https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/the-just-verdict-of-trajan-66708)

These types of legends were so pervasive that the poet Dante felt compelled to place Trajan in Heaven when he wrote his Divine Comedy in the early 14th century [3]. That’s right, it was okay for the likes of Aristotle, Homer, Virgil, Julius Caesar and Saladin to be in Limbo but it was unbearable to the medieval sense of justice that Trajan be anywhere other than paradise. A legend claimed that pope Gregory the Great (AD 540 – 604) was so moved by stories of Trajan’s virtue that he prayed for him to be resurrected so he could accept Christ. Perhaps it was his lasting reputation with early and medieval Christians that allowed Trajan’s column to stand relatively undamaged and in its original position for over 1,900 years.

As you can see I am quite excited about the reverse inscription on my newest example: SPQR OPTIMO PRINC (The senate and the people of Rome to the best first citizen) even though I recognize that it is used rather often on Trajan’s coins after AD 105. However, the fascinating story of the inscription is actually just a bonus to the real reason I purchased this example. In case you haven’t figured it out yet… LONG POST AHEAD!

RIC II 100 – The Meaning of the Type

RIC II mentions this type, inscribed DANVVIVS, as a reference to the crossing of the Danube and seems to insinuate that it refers specifically to the famous bridge built by Trajan in AD 105. However, the author of RIC II later reconsidered his opinion and consented that the bridge shown on RIC II 569 is actually meant to show Trajan’s Danube Bridge [5][8]. This begs the question of why Trajan’s mint officials would reference the same subject with two vastly different iconographies. This is just one of the reasons that I believe the reverse on RIC II 100 is actually referencing one of Trajan’s other achievements during the Dacian Wars and I have a few theories I think present plausible explanations for what the reverse is referencing. In order to explain my theories, and allow you to formulate your own, it will help to cover the events and logistics of the Dacian Wars in detail.

The First Dacian War

On hearing news of the death of Nerva in AD 98 Trajan did not immediately proceed to Rome to secure his political position. Instead, he chose to travel from the Rhine frontier where he was stationed at the time to the area of the Danube frontier where he spent the winter of AD 98-99 overseeing military construction projects and organizing the legions [6]. It seems clear from this fact that one of Trajan’s first priorities was to deal with the Dacian threat. When Trajan did travel to Rome he stayed only long enough to set his affairs in order with the senate and prepare for his coming invasion of Dacia. By the summer of AD 101 Trajan was prepared to move into Dacian territory.

Dacia was a particularly difficult place to invade for a number of reasons. First, it was protected by an imposing chain of mountains known as the “Carpathian Ring” that channeled any invasion from the south through a handful of narrow mountain passes (see Figure 2). Second, supply lines along the Danube were made difficult by the terrain and the fact that the Danube was not navigable in several key places. Next, Dacia’s neighbors, the Sarmatian Roxolani and Iazyges tribes were often enemies of Rome and in the case of the Roxolani were actively allied with Dacia by AD 101. Finally, Dacia was at the height of its wealth and power under their charismatic leader, Decebalus, and brimming with confidence after their victories over the Romans in the last decades of the first century.

View attachment 792365
Figure 2 – Map of the First Dacian War. Author’s Map (Sources [6][7][10][11])

Trajan first sought to meet the challenge of logistics along the Danube by engaging in some truly remarkable construction projects prior to the invasion (more on that below). He based the greater part of his army in Viminacium in the lead up to the invasion and it was from here that he made his first move. Just northeast of Viminacium Trajan crossed the Danube into a part of Dacian territory known as the Banat. At around the same time he sent a second column of Roman troops under Lucius Quietus to cross the river 15 miles northwest of Dobreta and advance on the Teregova Keys Pass and then to the Dacian city of Tibiscum [6]. There is also some evidence that the two legions (Legio I and V) under the governor of Lower Moesia, Laberius Maximus, crossed the Danube and laid siege to the Dacian stronghold of Buridava in AD 101 [7]. However, it seems clear that the primary thrust of the advance was under Trajan through the Banat. It is in this theatre that the scenes that dominate the lower part of Trajan’s Column refer to.

View attachment 792366
Figure 3 – Trajan’s Column (Author’s photo)

Once Trajan had crossed the river he began construction of an impressive fort at Apus Fluvius about a day’s march north of the Danube (Scene XI and XII on Trajan’s column). He then marched northeast with the intent to lay siege to the Dacian hill fort of Arcidava but seems to have found it completely abandoned (Scene XIV)(see Figure 4). He then had the legions cut a road through the dense forest and established another fort at Centum Putea (Scenes XVI and XVII). Trajan’s next steps are the only segment of his campaign that we get to hear about directly from him. In the only surviving sentence of his commentaries on the war Trajan writes “inde Berzobim, deinde Aizi processimus” (Eng: We then advanced to Berzobim, next to Aizis) [9]. Roman forts were built at these locations (Scenes XVIII through XXI) and another at Caput Bubali (Scene XXII?) with the army then pushing forward to meet up with the second Roman column at the town of Tibiscum.

View attachment 792367
Figure 4 – Right: Abandoned Dacian fort at Arcidava with Romans building a bridge over the river in the foreground. Left: Hilltop location as it appears today with river in foreground [11].

Through this point in the war the Dacians seem to have been content to fall back from their towns and forts and regroup behind the Iron Gate Pass to challenge Trajan’s approach to the capital. Trajan, however, moved cautiously and slowly and sought to consolidate his positions by constructing defensive fortifications along his supply route, usually to guard river crossings. This system of forts also helped to discourage the Iazyges from reconsidering their neutrality and seeking to join the other Sarmatian tribes in resisting the Roman invasion. With the western approach secured Trajan was now free to march into the Iron Gates Pass and confront the Dacian forces encamped near Tapae. The battle was apparently a hard fought engagement with many casualties on both sides. A storm broke out during the battle which struck the Dacians as a bad omen but gave heart to the Romans who were convinced that Jupiter had come to their aid.

View attachment 792368
Figure 5 – Scene XXIV Battle of Tapae (AD 101). Jupiter looks over the battlefield as the Romans turn the tide [11].

With his army bruised from the hard won battle and the winter approaching Trajan decided to winter his army at Drobeta on the Danube [6]. Decebalus took advantage of this and gathered his eastern allies (including the Roxolani), swam the Danube, and invaded Moesia, burning many Roman towns. Trajan was forced to move his men and supplies along the Danube by boat from Dobreta (Scenes XXXIII through XXXVI) to engage the enemy at the Battle of Nicopolis and the Battle of Adamclisi, where he completely defeated them. Perhaps it was this counterattack and the logistics involved with reacting to it that convinced Trajan of the need for a permanent bridge crossing of the Danube that would be usable year round.

At the start of the campaign season of AD 102 Trajan was once again forced to cross the Danube. This time he proceeded north along the Olt River to the Red Tower Pass. The Dacians chose to change their strategy after Tapae and it appears that they allowed Trajan to cross the pass relatively uncontested [6]. Perhaps their strategy was to allow Trajan to press ahead too quickly into the valley where they could use their hill fort locations to flank his army, cut off his supply routes and surround him. If that was the case it didn’t work. Once Trajan cleared the pass he split his forces into three [6]. The main portion of the army proceeded along the foothills to the west of the pass in an effort to capture each of the Dacian hill forts that stood between them and Sarmezigetusa. The second proceeded along the valley capturing Dacian settlements and the third moved along the northern foothills to neutralize any threat from that direction (see Figure 2).

View attachment 792369
Figure 6 – Ruins of the Dacian Fortress of Capalna. A typical Dacian hill fort and one of Trajan’s first objectives in the advance of AD 102. Photos by Saturnian

The Second Dacian War

I will not go into as many details of this campaign as the first but it will be instructive to highlight a few of the major developments. During the years after the first war Decebalus hastily rebuilt his hill forts and retook all of the Roman forts and towns that Trajan had constructed or conquered in the Banat at the beginning of the first war. In response to this, Trajan seems to have decided that Dacia would have to be totally subdued if he was to secure the Danube frontier and so as early as AD 103 he ordered the construction of a permanent bridge over the river in accordance with the design of Apollodorus of Damascus. The Dacians no doubt recognized the danger in allowing a permanent bridge crossing into their territory and at some point before the second war began made a desperate attack on the Roman fort guarding the bridge. Nevertheless, the Romans repelled their offensive and completed work on the bridge by the start of the campaign in AD 105. The completed bridge was a marvel of Roman engineering and stood as the longest bridge in the world both by total length and span length for over 1,000 years.

View attachment 792370
Figure 7 – Reconstructed View of the Roman Bridge and fort at Dobreta. Animation shown in the museum at Trajan’s Market

View attachment 792371
Figure 8 – Model of Trajan’s Bridge (Author’s photo)

During the campaign Decebalus is said to have made a failed attempt to have Trajan assassinated and to have captured and tried to ransom a high ranking Roman official (Pompeius Longinus) who committed suicide in order to prevent this [12]. Undeterred, the Roman army moved in for a siege of the Dacian Capital, Sarmizegetusa, and cut all the pipes providing water to the city. Decebalus escaped into the mountains but was run down by the Roman cavalry under the leadership of Tiberius Claudius Maximus. Decebalus, not wanting to be humiliated in a Roman triumph, committed suicide as Tiberius’s moved in to capture him. Tiberius’s involvement in this is known to us because he left us an account on his tombstone that was rediscovered in the 1960s.

In the aftermath of his victory Trajan went to great lengths to highlight the Roman achievements during the war and we can see evidence of that in the types he chose for his coinage.

View attachment 792373
Figure 9 – Select Scenes from the Dacian War on Trajan’s Coins [11] Coin photos courtesy of CNG

Now that we have surveyed the general sequence of events that made up the Dacian Wars we can turn our attention to interpreting the meaning behind the DANVVIVS type. In the next post I will lay out two theories that I believe provide a possible explanation... stay tuned!
Click to expand...

nice info..thanks

Curtisimo · Jul 9, 2018

I had a few more thoughts for this thread I would like to share and I hope you will all permit me one more question for the group

Severus Alexander said: ↑

OK, you have definitely outknowledged me on this one. I am going to move in your direction, but not all the way! Because I am stubborn.

1) Fair point that the Romans already considered the Danube to be, well, Roman!

2) You've convinced me that the canal was a huge part of his taming the Danube to allow for more substantial trade, but I do think there are other aspects to this, including his construction of the bridge, the riverside road, and the many fortresses & ports including the Diana fortress which controlled the entrance to the canal... or do you consider that to be "part" of the canal? At least one source also says that Trajan enhanced the river fleets too! All of this would contribute towards making the Danube a safe, navigable, tradeworthy route and something for Trajan to celebrate on his coins.

So I would suggest the coin represents the taming of the Danube (primarily for the purposes of trade, that's what I meant originally), with the canal representing a large portion of this achievement... but not all of it. If he wanted a coin to represent the canal specifically, then why not name and depict, well, a canal, for pete's sake?

Let me reiterate how wonderful your writeup is though. And I'm fully prepared to acknowledge that you're more likely to be right due to greater expertise! Well done, sir! I look forward to your next one, which I understand may also feature the Danube to some extent.
Click to expand...

I want to give a big thanks to @Severus Alexander for his commentary on this thread. As probably happens a lot on CT I correspond via private message with other members on coins I am studying or considering purchasing. SA is kind enough to listen patiently to my ramblings about this and other coins and provide some valuable insight and things to think about. One of our discussions led me to ask the following question;

Does the DANVVIVS type show flowing water over rocks on the reverse?

My example appears to show DANVVIVS reclining on rocks with turbulent water flowing over the top of the rocks. The reason I think this is significant is that the only spot on the middle or lower Danube that had (in antiquity) a strong current, a large quantity of rocks visible in the channel and turbulent waters was the approx. 80 mile stretch of the Iron Gate. If these features are present on the coin it seems like more evidence that the type is referencing something specific within this geographical area.

Top: Danube reclining on rocks and flowing water? Bottom: Rocks evident in the channel during the construction of the Sip Canal (before 1896)

RIC describes DANVVIVS reclining on rocks but no mention of flowing water.

While it seems clear enough that the Danube is reclining on rocks it seems less clear from looking at other examples that turbulent water was meant by the detail to the left of the personified Danube. Was this meant to be part of a flowing garment or was it meant to be flowing water?

Below are links to search results for other examples.

https://www.cngcoins.com/Search.asp...R_TYPE_ID_3=1&SEARCH_IN_CONTAINER_TYPE_ID_2=1

https://www.acsearch.info/search.ht...s=1&thesaurus=1&order=0&currency=usd&company=

Anyone still reading this thread what do you all think?

lordmarcovan · Jul 11, 2018

If anyone wonders how this thread suddenly leapfrogged back to the top of the homepage, it's because its Featured status had expired. (Who knew there was such thing as a finite feature?) So I just RE-featured it- indefinitely- like the rest.

Curtisimo · Jul 11, 2018

lordmarcovan said: ↑

If anyone wonders how this thread suddenly leapfrogged back to the top of the homepage, it's because its Featured status had expired. (Who knew there was such thing as a finite feature?) So I just RE-featured it- indefinitely- like the rest.
Click to expand...

Thanks LordM! For a minute there I thought Trajan was in time out for not playing nice with the other homepage coins.

RomanGreekCoin3 · Jul 12, 2018

I heard Trajan was so brave he used to walk around and even go into citizens homes without any bodyguards. That was pretty risky for someone back then.

IMO, Hes easily in the top 5, maybe the best of all time since her was at the helm during the Empires largest expansion

lordmarcovan · Jul 12, 2018

I heard Chuck Norris found a magic necklace with an unobtanium crystal set in a pendant, that when rubbed, would allow the wearer to time travel.

Since Chuck Norris wanted to try his martial arts skills out against some Roman gladiators in the Colosseum, he went back to 2nd century Rome. But before he even got to the Colosseum, he ended up walking down a dark alley and literally bumped into the emperor Trajan, who was out for an evening stroll without any Praetorian bodygards.

Chuck Norris, too accustomed to being Chuck Norris, did not yield the way to Trajan. Shoving ensued, followed by fisticuffs.

Trajan whupped Chuck Norris terribly, and then took his time-traveling unobtanium pendant. That's how come nobody has seen the real Chuck Norris that did those movies and TV shows in a long time. He was replaced by the döppleganger you see today, who only does commercials. The real Chuck Norris finally did get to be a gladiator and lived out the rest of his days in ancient Rome, but was never the same again after that humiliating smackdown from Trajan.

It is said that a certain wealthy but highly eccentric client frequents Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas, and spends funny looking coins at the gaming tables. They let him, because the weird coins with his face on them are made of gold and silver. He is said to always be dressed in purple Roman costume, like he's a liitle too much into the whole Caesars Palace theme. He not only talks funny, but is always clutching an odd looking pendant as if it's his lucky talisman.

Curtisimo · Jul 12, 2018

lordmarcovan said: ↑

I heard Chuck Norris found a magic necklace with an unobtanium crystal set in a pendant, that when rubbed, would allow the wearer to time travel.

Since Chuck Norris wanted to try his martial arts skills out against some Roman gladiators in the Colosseum, he went back to 2nd century Rome. But before he even got to the Colosseum, he ended up walking down a dark alley and literally bumped into the emperor Trajan, who was out for an evening stroll without any Praetorian bodygards.

Chuck Norris, too accustomed to being Chuck Norris, did not yield the way to Trajan. Shoving ensued, followed by fisticuffs.

Trajan whupped Chuck Norris terribly, and then took his time-traveling unobtanium pendant. That's how come nobody has seen the real Chuck Norris that did those movies and TV shows in a long time. He was replaced by the döppleganger you see today, who only does commercials. The real Chuck Norris finally did get to be a gladiator and lived out the rest of his days in ancient Rome, but was never the same again after that humiliating smackdown from Trajan.

It is said that a certain wealthy but highly eccentric client frequents Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas, and spends funny looking coins at the gaming tables. They let him, because the weird coins with his face on them are made of gold and silver. He is said to always be dressed in purple Roman costume, like he's a liitle too much into the whole Caesars Palace theme. He not only talks funny, but is always clutching an odd looking pendant as if it's his lucky talisman.
Click to expand...

Hahahaha! Trajan... the Chuck Norris of the ancient world

Al Kowsky · Aug 13, 2018

Great presentation & history lesson! Thanks for sharing. Earlier this year I sold a handsome portrait coin of Trajan at a Heritage auction. See attachments.

Curtisimo · Aug 13, 2018

Al Kowsky said: ↑

Great presentation & history lesson! Thanks for sharing. Earlier this year I sold a handsome portrait coin of Trajan at a Heritage auction. See attachments. View attachment 811237 View attachment 811238
Click to expand...

Wow that is a spectacular specimen with a style that looks very close to imperial... and on the scale of a tetradrachm! Thanks for sharing @Al Kowsky and a belated welcome to CT

Valens · Aug 16, 2019

Is it possible that such a statue stood on the bridge?

Valens · Aug 17, 2019

The existing statue is the prototype of the later reverse?

Valens · Aug 19, 2019

My improved reconstruction of the bridge
The reverse of the later dupondius is a statue that stood on the bridge. This is my opinion. This is certainly not Minerva. Two trophea are two Dacian wars. Two gates with the statue of the emperor can be considered triumphal arches.
An interesting discovery?

Curtisimo · Aug 19, 2019

Valens said: ↑

My improved reconstruction of the bridge
The reverse of the later dupondius is a statue that stood on the bridge. This is my opinion. This is certainly not Minerva. Two trophea are two Dacian wars. Two gates with the statue of the emperor can be considered triumphal arches.
An interesting discovery?
Click to expand...

Your observation about the statue on the bridge and it’s possible connection with some of Trajan’s reverse types is interesting. Yet another reason for me to put an example on my ever expanding “want list!”

jamesicus · Aug 19, 2019

Curtisimo said: ↑

………………………… Anyone still reading this thread …………………………
Click to expand...

I am re-reading it and it is even better than ever for me that way! A fairly recent addition of mine:

,
TRAJAN, SESTERTIUS, RIC Vol. II, Rome, No. 534, 98-117AD,
Obverse depiction: Trajan, head facing right, wearing aegis
Inscription: IMP CAES NERVAE TRIANO AVG GER DAC PM TRP COS V PP
Reverse depiction: Trajan galloping on horseback spearing a fallen Dacian soldier
Inscription: SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI - in exergue S C

Valens · Aug 19, 2019

Still a close-up and comparison.
At 100% what we see on later sides is a group of sculptures from the Danube bridge duplicated for new war propaganda purposes. Visibly known and admired since it was copied.

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Featured Trajan: the Best Emperor and the Mystery of the River God

What do you think the DANVVIVS reverse type is referencing? See post 2 for my top theories.

Trajan’s famous bridge over the Danube.

The pontoon bridges Trajan used to cross the Danube in the First Dacian War.

The canal Trajan had built along the Danube in preparation for the wars.

Something else? Bacon? Please comment below.

Severus Alexander find me at NumisForums

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Featured Trajan: the Best Emperor and the Mystery of the River God

What do you think the DANVVIVS reverse type is referencing? See post 2 for my top theories.

Trajan’s famous bridge over the Danube.

The pontoon bridges Trajan used to cross the Danube in the First Dacian War.

The canal Trajan had built along the Danube in preparation for the wars.

Something else? Bacon? Please comment below.

Severus Alexander find me at NumisForums

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